城市污水污泥焚烧处理环境影响分析

以城市污水污泥为研究对象,应用生命周期评价方法分别对干化焚烧、污泥与煤混燃发电、污泥与生活垃圾掺烧发电3种焚烧处理方式的生命过程进行清单分析,以获得各处理方式的能耗及其对环境的影响.结果表明,处理1.0 t湿污泥,填埋处理的能耗和总环境负荷均最低,分别为2.24kg （以标准煤计）和46.55×10-3标准人当量(PET).污泥直接干化处理能源消耗最大,达到了111.12 kg（以标准煤计）.污泥与垃圾或者与煤掺烧发电由于利用固体废弃物化学内能,降低了化石燃料消耗.这两种掺烧处理方式的环境排放都以酸化和富营养化为主,对局地性的影响占据首位,因此,污泥焚烧处理仍需加强尾气净化设备的投入,以减少酸性气体及二噁英的排放.     

两种城市污泥掺混水煤浆的成浆性

研究了两种高含水率城市污泥与煤粉混合研制水煤浆的可行性,以及各种影响因素包括污泥掺混比例、分散剂用量、温度及剪切时间等对成浆性能的影响.结果表明,两种污泥在南京大学研制的亚甲基萘磺钠-苯乙烯磺酸钠-马来酸钠(NDF)分散剂配合下,掺混比例控制在10%以内,可以与煤粉顺利成浆.两种污泥掺混比例分别为5%、10%水煤浆的表观粘度随分散剂的增加而降低,浆体温度的提升有利于改善水煤浆的流动性,添加污泥的水煤浆在稳定性上好于未掺污泥的水煤浆.试验结果可为城市污泥掺制水煤浆的资源化利用途径提供参考依据.     

Effect of proteins, polysaccharides, and particle sizes on sludge dewaterability

Four batch experiments of hydrolysis and acidification were carried out to investigate the distributions of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in the sludge, the PN/PS ratio, the particle sizes, and their relationship with sludge dewaterability (as determined by capillary suction time, CST). The sludge flocs were stratified through centrifugation- and ultrasound-based method into four fractions: (1) slime, (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), and (4) pellet. The results showed that PN was mainly partitioned in the pellet (80.7%) and TB-EPS (9.6%) fractions, while PS distributed evenly in the four fractions. During hydrolysis and acidification, PN was transferred from the pellet and TB-EPS fractions to the slime fraction, but PS had no significant transfer trends. The mean particle sizes of the sludge flocs decreased with hydrolysis and acidification. The pH had a more significant influence on the dewaterability of sludge flocs than temperature. Sludge dewaterability during hydrolysis and acidification processes greatly deteriorated from 9.7 s at raw sludge to 340–450 s under alkaline conditions. However, it was just slightly increased under acidic conditions. Further investigation suggested that CST was a ected by soluble PN, soluble PN/PS, and particle sizes of sludge flocs, but was a ected slightly by total PN, PS, or PN/PS in the whole sludge flocs and other fractions (except slime).     

Distribution and elimination of polycyclic musks in three sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China

The two representative polycyclic musks, 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-2-naphthenyl)-ethanone (AHTN) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyrane (HHCB), were measured in aqueous samples and sludge samples of three sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Beijing, China using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The HHCB and AHTN concentration ranges in the influents were 1251.4-3003.8 ng/L and 111.9-286.3 ng/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the ranges of 492.8-1285.3 ng/...     

Emission characteristics of dioxins, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during fluidized-bed combustion of sewage sludge

Pre-dried sewage sludge with high sulfur content was combusted in an electrically heated lab-scale fluidized-bed incinerator. The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. Coal and calcium oxide (CaO) were added during the sewage sludge combustion tests to optimize combustion conditions and control SO2 emission. The results indicated that the flue gases emitted during mono-combustion of sewage sludge were characterized by relatively high concentrations of SO2, NOx and organic pollutants, due to the high sulfur, nitrogen, and volatile matter content of sewage sludge. The total 16 USEPA priority PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs produced from sewage sludge combustion were found to be 106.14 g/m3 and 8955.93 pg/m3 in the flue gas, respectively. In the case of cocombustion with coal (msludge/mcoal = 1:1), the 16 PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs concentrations were markedly lower than those found during mono-combustion of sewage sludge. During co-combustion, a suppressant e ect of CaO on PCDD/Fs formation was observed.     

一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究

研究了一体式膜生物反应器对生活污水的处理效果。实验结果表明,膜生物反应器对COD、TOC、NH4+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率为93.4%、96.2%、97.2%、63.8%、60.6%,并且污泥活性随着运行时间的延长而有所降低。     

太阳能技术在住宅建筑中的应用

太阳能技术的应用对我国住宅产业的发展具有重要意义。文章分析了目前国际和国内住宅建设领域中太阳能技术的应用形式与局限,指出了我国实现太阳能住宅建筑一体化进程中应着重解决的主要问题。     

异养硝化/好氧反硝化菌生物强化含海水污水的SBR短程硝化系统初探

研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌应用于短程硝化系统的可行性.采用生物强化技术将4株高效异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌投入耐盐短程硝化污泥中,考察了其对含海水污水的SBR短程硝化系统的强化效果,并比较了强化系统与原系统的差异性.结果表明,强化系统的NO2--N最大积累量比原系统降低34.92%,而且到达NO2--N最大积累量的时间比原系统提前2h.强化系统的TN和COD在硝化段中后期持续降低,硝化结束时其TN和COD去除率比原系统高出15.24%和5.39%,NH4+-N去除率和亚硝化率比原系统高出6.85%和14.47%.强化系统的pH比原系统高0.46,而ORP低25.84mV.强化系统的性能提升是由强化菌的异养硝化作用和好氧反硝化作用引起的.当受到70%海水盐度冲击时,强化系统的稳定性高于原系统,强化菌的加入有效地抑制了系统从短程硝化向全程硝化转变的趋势.在强化系统与原系统运行的各阶段,强化菌种的数量发生了变化,且随着系统排泥强化菌大量流失.本研究为异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌应用于短程脱氮系统的可行性提供了理论参考.     

污泥屏障氧化缓冲容量与重金属再溶出关系研究

借助微生物厌氧活动特别是硫酸盐还原反应,污泥屏障可用来固定尾矿堆场重金属.针对尾矿风化淋滤形成的酸性采矿废水(AMD)与污泥之间发生的氧化还原反应导致的重金属溶出问题,通过氧化滴定实验研究了不同污泥悬液的氧化缓冲容量及其与重金属浓度的关系.结果表明,污泥悬液的氧化缓冲容量随着悬液固液比的增大略有减小,但随着悬液厌氧培养时间的延长而增加.污泥的氧化缓冲容量主要来自Eh≤-150mV的强烈还原区间,可达氧化缓冲容量的50%以上.氧化滴定过程中发现,当Eh≥-150mV时,Zn首先明显溶出;当Eh≥150mV时,Cu和Pb明显溶出.基于实验结果,建立了污泥屏障在AMD渗流条件下氧化缓冲容量消耗的数学模型.模拟计算结果表明,当AMD水头高度为10m时,厚度2m的污泥屏障经历AMD溶液38787a的渗透氧化,仍可保持原有的强烈还原状态,具备对重金属的固定效果.     

城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性有机物的感官定量评价研究

采用自制低温吸附装置和臭气袋采集了广州典型城市污水厂6个处理车间的空气样品.应用热解析/气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析恶臭挥发性有机物的组成和含量,参照国标的三点比较式臭袋法测量样品的恶臭浓度,并针对恶臭挥发性有机物进行感官定量评价.结果表明,①城市污水处理厂检测出烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等7大类共70种挥发性有机物,其中30种属于恶臭挥发性有机物,它们的浓度范围为0.37～1 872.24μg.m-3,在污泥脱水、污泥浓缩和曝气池最高;②主成分分析可以将主要恶臭挥发性有机物分为苯系物、卤代烃、醛类、碳氢化合物和含氮、硫的挥发性有机物5类;③多元线性回归分析能建立化学浓度与恶臭感官浓度的定量表达式,计算出恶臭挥发性有机物对该厂恶臭气味的贡献率占25%,感官浓度的预测值和实测值拟合良好,建立的预测方程对污水处理车间低浓度恶臭挥发性有机物的敏感度高于人鼻嗅辨的敏感度.