TRMM多卫星资料在黑河上游降水时空特征研究中的应用

论文利用数字高程模型(DEM),使用多元回归模型对黑河上游2000-2009年TRMM多卫星降水资料的月数据进行了降尺度研究,并用地面气象台站观测数据对降尺度的结果进行了检验,检验结果表明这种降尺度的方法能够在不降低(甚至提高)数据质量的情况下,得到空间精度更高的降水资料。在此基础上,基于降尺度后的月降水数据,对黑河上游2000-2009年降水10 a平均值年总量空间变化,以及年内降水分配、年内降水的空间差异进行了分析。结果表明:①降尺度之后的数据比原始数据能更加表现降水变化的细节和趋势;②坡向对降水的影响表明,在东西方向,东坡的降水要高于西坡,最高可以达到10%,而南北坡的降水差异变化较小;③黑河上游2000-2009年的年平均降水为344 mm,整个上游大多数地区的降水主要分布在250~400 mm之间;④在海拔3 800 m以下,降水随高程的增加而增加,而在3 800 m以上,降水总体平均略有减少,但是降水的最大值出现在这一带;⑤黑河上游的降水具有东南-西北的递减趋势,但递减趋势在不同的月份存在差异;⑥降水量的年内分配极不均匀,冬春季稀少,主要降水集中在6-9月。     

Bottom-up approach for downscaling CO2 emissions in Taiwan: robustness analysis and policy implications

The roles and responsibilities of cities in CO₂ mitigation have drawn increasing attention in recent years. To facilitate optimal design of effective mitigation policies, it is important for city authorities to understand the magnitudes and sources of their CO₂ emissions, and their relative shares of emissions at a higher spatial level. Although several studies estimate CO₂ emissions at the city level, the robustness of these estimates and their linkage to emissions at a higher level remains unclear. This kind of localized information on emissions is important for coordination of climate policies at different spatial scales. The study aims to fill a gap in understanding by building a systematic bottom-up approach for estimating urban CO₂ emissions and offering a consistency check with IPCC top–down estimates. Using Taiwan as a case study, we display the geographic distribution of CO₂ emissions. The significance and implications of the downscaling CO₂ emissions are indicated accordingly.     

降尺度与融合化：环境空间管控转型与体系优化——代“环境空间管控研究”专栏序言

由于经济增长与污染物排放增加尚未脱钩，当前中国环境保护与污染防治的结构性、根源性压力尚未根本缓解，在生产生活污染源头治理上仍然面临排污基数大、溢出效应强、空间跨度广等难题，亟需强化污染源管控精准落地、建立健全面向污染源头的环境空间管控体系，以降尺度与融合化空间管控形成更加精准、严格、高效的环境空间管控制度，系统提升环境空间治理效能.本文基于区域环境功能和环境承载力视角分析了环境空间管控体系的科学基点及优化逻辑，从降尺度建立分区分级管控体系、形成融合化环境管理机制、嵌入多层级国土空间规划体系、夯实环境空间管控信息化支撑等方面提出新时期环境空间管控转型与体系优化路径.此外，研究团队结合典型城市化地区和重点生态功能区的案例实证，从人类生产生活污染物排放过程和格局入手，按照"驱动机制解析—分区分类管控—环境效应评估"的主线设置了"环境空间管控研究"专栏，以期为污染物源头减排及环境空间管控技术方法探索、环境综合治理策略制定提供参考依据.     

基于TRMM降尺度和MODIS数据的综合干旱监测模型构建

京津冀地区是我国优质冬小麦的主产区之一,但在全球气候变暖影响下,该地区干旱灾害频发,因此准确监测京津冀地区旱情既能为区域农业生产提供科学指导,又起到保障国家粮食安全等重大战略作用。综合考虑干旱发生过程中大气降水—植被生长—土壤水分盈亏等致旱因子,首先利用GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression)模型对TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)3B43数据进行降尺度处理,得到1 km分辨率的降水状态参数(Precipitation Condition Index,PCI);再结合MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)数据,得到植被状态指数(Vegetation Condition Index,VCI)、温度状态指数(Temperature Condition Index,TCI),最后基于多元回归模型构建综合干旱指数(Comprehensive Drought Index,CDI),以实现对京津冀地区干旱时空监测评价。结果表明:(1)基于GWR模型...     

1901—2014年黄土高原区域气候变化时空分布特征

气候变化对黄土高原地区环境与经济影响重大,研究其在小地理尺度上的时空变化趋势对该区应对全球气候变化制定适应性策略有重要意义。论文基于CRU 1901—2014年逐月气候数据集,利用Delta空间降尺度方法对该数据集在黄土高原地区进行降尺度处理并评价,最后采用距平、Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Sen’s斜率估计方法分析该区历史时期气候变化的时空分布特征。结果表明：1）使用Delta法将分辨率为0.5°×0.5°的月降水量和月均温数据降尺度到分辨率为1 km×1 km的网格上是可行的,其中线性插值法最适合该区降尺度过程。2）1901—2014年该区年降水量年际变化趋势不显著,但年均温以0.1 ℃/10 a的速率显著上升;与气候平均值相比,20世纪60年代为相对湿冷期,80年代以后为相对干暖期;年降水量在该区西部地区（面积占3.05%）以0.24 mm/10 a~3.52 mm/10 a的速率显著增加,年均温在西部以外地区（面积占91.30%）以0.02 ℃/10 a~0.17 ℃/10 a的速率由西南向东北显著上升。3）1981—2010年黄土高原西部地区（面积占92.02%）相比气候平均值变干变暖,西部以外地区（面积占7.98%）变湿变暖;年降水量只在民和及其以南极少数地区（面积占0.05%）以17.25 mm/10 a~27.93 mm/10 a的速率显著增加,年均温在西部以外地区（面积占87.61%）以0.23 ℃/10 a~0.71 ℃/10 a的速率显著上升。上述研究结果可为该区在制定应对全球气候变化策略时提供科学依据。     

A New Open‐Access HUC‐8 Based Downscaled CMIP‐5 Climate Model Forecast Dataset for the Conterminous United States

Watershed‐scale hydrologic simulation models generally require climate data inputs including precipitation and temperature. These climate inputs can be derived from downscaled global climate simulations which have the potential to drive runoff forecasts at the scale of local watersheds. While a simulation designed to drive a local watershed model would ideally be constructed at an appropriate scale, global climate simulations are, by definition, arbitrarily determined large rectangular spatial grids. This paper addresses the technical challenge of making climate simulation model results readily available in the form of downscaled datasets that can be used for watershed scale models. Specifically, we present the development and deployment of a new Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) based database which has been prepared through a scaling and weighted averaging process for use at the level of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC)‐8 watersheds. The resulting dataset includes 2,106 virtual observation sites (watershed centroids) each with 698 associated time series datasets representing average monthly temperature and precipitation between 1950 and 2099 based on 234 unique climate model simulations. The new dataset is deployed on a HydroServer and distributed using WaterOneFlow web services in the WaterML format. These methods can be adapted for downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) results for specific drainage areas smaller than HUC‐8. Two example use cases for the dataset also are presented.     

Climate Change Impacts and Uncertainties on Spring Flooding of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River

The source of the Richelieu River is Lake Champlain, located between the states of New York, Vermont, and Québec. In 2011, the lake and the Richelieu River reached historical flood levels, raising questions about the influence of climate change on the watershed. The objectives of this work are to model the hydrology of the watershed, construct a reservoir model for the lake and to analyze flooding trends using climate simulations. The basin was modeled using the HSAMI lumped conceptual model from Hydro‐Québec with a semi‐distributed approach in order to estimate the inflows into Lake Champlain. The discharge at the Richelieu River was computed by using a mass balance equation between the inputs and outputs of Lake Champlain. Future trends were estimated over the 2041‐2070 and 2071‐2100 periods using a large number of outputs from general circulation models and regional climate models downscaled with constant scaling and daily translation methods. While there is a certain amount of uncertainty as to future trends, there is a decreasing tendency in the magnitude of the mean spring flood. A flood frequency analysis showed most climate projections indicate the severity of most extreme spring floods may be reduced over the two future periods although results are subject to a much larger uncertainty than for the mean spring flood. On the other hand, results indicate summer‐fall extreme events such as caused by hurricane Irene in August 2011 may become more frequent in the future.     

downscaling procedures as a tool for integration of multiple air issues

In assessing the risks associated with climate change,downscaling has proven useful in linking surfacechanges, at scales relevant to decision making, tolarge-scale atmospheric circulation derived from GCMoutput. Stochastic downscaling is related to synopticclimatology, weather-typing approaches (classifyingcirculation patterns) such as the Lamb Weather Typesdeveloped for the United Kingdom (UK), the EuropeanGrosswetterlagen (Bardossy and Plate, 1992) and thePerfect Prognosis (Perfect Prog) method from numericalweather prediction. The large-scale atmosphericcirculation is linked with site-specific observationsof atmospheric variables, such as precipitation, windspeed or temperature, within a specified region. Classifying each day by circulation patterns isachieved by clustering algorithms, fuzzy rule bases,neural nets or decision trees. The linkages areextended to GCM output to account for climate change. Stochastic models are developed from the probabilitydistributions for extreme events. Objective analysiscan be used to interpolate values of these models toother locations. The concepts and some applicationsare reviewed to provide a basis for extending thedownscaling approach to assessing the integrated riskof the six air issues: climate change, UV-B radiation,acid rain, transport of hazardous air pollutants, smogand suspended particulates.     

Resources policy and mine closure in South Africa: The case of the Free State Goldfields

There is increasing international pressure to ensure that mining development is aligned with local and national development objectives. In South Africa, legislation requires mining companies to produce Social and Labour Plans, which are aimed at addressing local developmental concerns. Against the background of the new mining legislation in South Africa, this paper evaluates attempts to address mine downscaling in the Free State Goldfields over the past two decades. The analysis shows that despite an improved legislative environment, the outcomes in respect of integrated planning are disappointing, owing mainly to a lack of trust and government incapacity to enact the new legislation. It is argued that legislative changes and a national response in respect of mine downscaling are required.     

统计降尺度在AREM模式洪水预报试验中应用初探

利用2006~2008年AREM模式预报降雨和漳河水库逐小时雨量站观测降雨及入库流量资料,对水库流域进行网格划分,建立了基于网格的空间分辨率分别为(0.25°×0.25°)和(0.5°×0.5°)的降雨预报统计降尺度模型,同时对降尺度模型了进行了模拟效果的检验,证明该降尺度模型的计算结果可以用于漳河水库洪水预报试验。从2009~2010年中选取了4次洪水过程,进行个例试验,试验结果表明,统计降尺度模型对洪水过程效率系数的改进效果不明显,但对减小预报洪峰流量相对误差有一定的效果,平均相对误差降低了10%左右,峰现时差也略有减小。