南京市主要绿化树种对大气固体悬浮物净化能力及规律研究

对南京市不同功能绿地类型的26种主要绿化树种净化大气固体悬浮物的能力进行监测分析,研究不同功能区主要树种叶片滞尘量的季节变化,应用SAS软件,综合考虑单位面积滞尘量、单叶滞尘量、干重滞尘量3种指标对绿化树种滞尘能力进行聚类评估.结果表明,大部分绿化树种叶片滞尘量的季节变化为春季高、夏季降低、秋季增高、冬季达最高,这与空气中悬浮颗粒物含量季节变化的规律相一致;同一树种在不同地点的叶片滞尘量可以反映树木所在环境空气质量,灵谷寺公园和栖霞山空气质量优于梅山钢铁厂和宁镇公路;不同树木类型间滞尘能力差异较大,灌木滞尘量最大,常绿乔木其次,落叶乔木最小.     

大气降尘中水溶性有机物组成与含量的研究

本文为了研究各个地区大气降尘中水溶性有机物的组成与含量,从离地表２０ 米处的电网绝缘子表面采集九个大气降尘样品,对其水溶性部分用有机溶剂进行有机物的分离萃取,求出有机物的含量,采用ＸＲＰＤ 进行物相鉴定,确定有机物的组成可分为有机酸、有机酸钾盐、有机碱·盐酸盐加合物,尿素与尿素·硝酸盐加合物等四类,并对其影响ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ 的溶解度进行一系列实验,结果表明这四类有机物对ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ 溶解度的提高均有显著影响,可提高４０ ％ － ６０ ％ ,与实际降尘样品中其溶解度平均提高５０ ％ 左右相一致。由于大气降尘中普遍存在来自土壤与燃煤飞灰所排放的ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ,研究有机物的组成与含量,这对了解局部地区环境酸化（ 湿沉降） 有其重要性。     

Observations of Dust-Storms in China, Mongolia and Associated Dust Falls in Korea in Spring 2003

A joint monitoring of dust-storms that occurred in East Asia from March until May 2003 has been carried. Our discussions include dust-storm observations in the source areas of China and Mongolia, and measurements with satellites and ground monitors in central Korea. Differences were found in the definition and measurement of dust-storms. Over the source area of Mongolia there were 6 dusty days in March, 18 days in April, and 10 dusty days in May. In Inner Mongolia of northern China there were 4 dust-storms with 14 dusty days observed over the three months. In central Korea, a sink area, there were 4 cases of weak dust-storm and 17 dusty days in the spring of 2003. The highest PM10 value was 607 μgm⁻³ and PM 2.3 was 149 μgm⁻³, respectively. These observations identify the growing need for further universal observation practices and dust-storm reporting in future. Observations indicated that snow covered the central part of the Gobi Desert, near the boundary of China and Mongolia, from December until mid-March. This is in contrast to other years when the Gobi was relatively wet, producing unfavourable conditions for the formation of intense dust-storms. In addition, the very strong winds associated with intense cyclones and anticyclones were not apparent and the systems shifted northward during the spring. As a result, the frequency and intensity of observed dust-storms in 2003 in this region were very low. This confirms that there is variability in the frequency of dust-storm formation due to the current process of desertification and climate change.     

长春市大气降尘中重金属的分布特征和来源分析

对长春市不同区域的33个大气降尘中的重金属进行了分析测试,结果表明:大气降尘中重金属含量的大小依次为Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb、Cu>N i>Cd。降尘中重金属的空间分布为工业区>交通区>商业区>文化区、居民区>农村地区。相对于新城区和农村地区,老城区降尘中重金属的含量较高。富集因子的计算分析表明,Pb、Cd明显受到人为活动的影响,Pb主要来自汽车尾气,Cd主要来源于工业尘;人为活动对Cu、Zn、Mn的贡献占一定比例,但不大;N i为天然源。长春市大气降尘已经受到一定程度的重金属污染,但与国内其他城市相比,降尘中重金属的含量处于较低的水平。     

民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘特征研究

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统进行沙尘暴监测,分析民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘分布特征.结果表明:民勤降尘量与沙尘天气发生频率密切相关,春季3,4月沙尘高发期月降尘量分别为9.0和9.5 mg/cm2.降尘随距地面高度的增加而减小,最大降尘出现在近地面1 m处,月降尘量为9.7 mg/cm2;降尘受下垫面条件影响较大,从荒漠区到绿洲边缘,风速减弱4.11%,总降尘量由25.0 mg/cm2减少到20.6 mg/cm2;绿洲内部受防护林作用,风速减弱30.45%,总降尘量增到24.6 mg/cm2,最大降尘量提高到近地面9 m处,与绿洲防护林冠层平均高度相吻合.风速对近地面20m内的降尘影响明显,平均降尘量2.5 mg/cm2.距地面9 m的高度范围内,降尘随持续时间变化迅速增加,降尘增量可达3.1 mg/cm2.      

On Sand and Duststorms and Associated Significant Dustfall Observed in Chongju-Chongwon,Korea during 1997–2000

Monitoring of the occurrence of sandstorms and dustfallphenomena from 1997 to 2000 was carried out. We refer tosandstorms, duststorms and blowing sand as the phenomenaoccurring in the source region, while significant dustfall is thephenomenon that occur in the sink area. It was noted that while the sandstorms in deserts and loess in NW-N China and Mongolia occurred any time during the year while severe sandstorms occurred frequently from March to May after the springthaw. The wind erosion in the source region usually occurred withwind speeds greater than 8 ms^-1. However, severe sandstorm phenomenon occurred with wind greater than 15 ms^-1 for at least 3 hr or more. In the source regions, sandstorms occurred over60–120 days per year. In Mongolia, the observation of thenumber of sandstorm days decreased due to the increase in rainy days.When a dust cloud from a desert reached the sink region,significant dustfall in the Korean Peninsula occurred due tothe lack of strong winds. We defined the episode ofsignificant dustfall (SD) with the following values: TSP250, PM₁₀ 190 g m^-3 and visibility 6.5 km or less. In Korea, 8–12 episodes of SD occurred per yearwith 12 to 22 SD days. The maximum concentrations of TSP recorded were 989–1396 g m^-3 with PM₁₀ values of 861–996 g m^-3 and with the lowestvisibility of 1.4–1.6 km.     

降尘中多溴联苯醚及有机氯农药的分析方法

利用硅胶吸附色谱和凝胶渗透色谱结合净化的方法,实现了对降尘中有机氯农药和多溴联苯醚的同时分离净化,有效地避免了降尘中干扰物质对有机氯农药和多溴联苯醚检测时产生的干扰.在优化的条件下,浮尘样本中有机氯农药和多溴联苯醚的添加回收率分别在65.8%—115%和58.6%—112%之间,检测限分别在0.002—0.011 n·...     

基于两种受体模型的太原市大气降尘来源解析及季节变化特征

于2019年11月至2020年12月期间在典型工业城市太原市开展了降尘采样和降尘化学组分分析.采样期间,太原市平均降尘量约为7.9t/(km²·30d),并呈现在4~6月较高.在选取的8个监测区域中,清徐和巨轮的平均降尘量较高,分别为10.7t/(km²·30d)和10.6t/(km²·30d).降尘化学组分质量中地壳元素(Ca、Si、Al)占比较高,巨轮和桃园监测区域的降尘中Fe元素的质量显著高于其他监测区域.将降尘量和化学组分分析结果分别纳入正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)和偏目标转换-正定矩阵分解(PTT-PMF)两种受体模型中对太原市降尘进行了定量来源解析.通过比较两种受体模型的拟合性能和解析的因子谱发现:PTT-PMF受体模型相较于PMF能够更好地区分出降尘中城市扬尘源和建筑尘源这两类相似的尘源.结果表明,太原市降尘主要有六种来源:城市扬尘源(PMF:35%,PTT-PMF:35%)、建筑尘源(PMF:29%,PTT-PMF:28%)、钢铁工业源(PMF:14%,PTT-PMF:14%)、燃煤源(PMF:13%,PTT-PMF:12%)、二次无机盐(PMF:5%,PTT-PMF:6%)、机动车尾气排放源(PMF:4%,PTT-PMF:5%).两种受体模型得到的平均来源贡献结果相似,而建筑尘源和钢铁工业源的季节变化趋势则有一定的差异.粗粒径源类(城市扬尘源和建筑尘源)是太原市降尘的主要来源,两者对降尘的贡献率超过了60%,并在春季贡献率(4~6月)较高.     

和田降尘与浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴关系的研究

通过野外调查、定位试验和室内分析,探索了新疆和田扬沙、沙尘暴、大风和浮尘产生的原因及发生规律与土壤降尘量的关系及其时空变化特点。结果表明,和田地区的降尘受浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴日数和强度的影响,对土壤有重要作用。      

GIS在焦作城区大气降尘污染动态变化规律研究中的应用

本文利用焦作城区大气降尘实测数据，应用地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技术对其空间污染状况进行了分区评价，并根据分区原则建立了降尘动态变化分类系统，在此基础上，对１９９４、１９９５年城区降尘污染分区图进行复合处理，得到１９９４－１９９５年城区降尘污染，得到１９９４－１９９５年间焦作城区降尘污染类型动态转化数据信息，并以此为依据对降尘污染的动态变化规律进行了深入的分析。