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71.
Jim CY 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,116(1-3):53-80
Urban trees serve important environmental, social and economic functions, but similar to other natural endowments they are
not customarily depicted in monetary terms. The needs to augment protection, funding and community support for urban greening
call for proper valuation. Heritage trees (HTs), the cream of urban-tree stock, deserve special attention. Existing assessment
methods do not give justice to outstanding trees in compact cities deficient in high-caliber greenery, and to their social-cultural-historical
importance. They artificially separate evaluation from valuation, which should be a natural progression from the former. Review
of tree valuation methods suggested the formula approach to be more suitable than contingent valuation and hedonic pricing,
and provided hints on their strengths and weaknesses. This study develops an alternative formulaic expert method (FEM) that
integrates evaluation and valuation, maximizes objectivity, broadly encompasses the key tree, tree-environment and tree-human
traits, and accords realistic monetary value to HTs. Six primary criteria (dimension, species, tree, condition, location,
and outstanding consideration) branched into 45 secondary criteria, each allocated numerical marks. Each primary criterion
was standardized to carry equal weight, and a tree's maximum aggregate score is capped at 100. A Monetary Assignment Factor
(MAF) to consign dollar value to each score unit was derived from three-year average per m2 sale price of medium-sized residential flats. The applicability of FEM was tested on selected HTs in compact Hong Kong. The
aggregate score of a tree multiplied by MAF yielded monetary value, which was on average 66 times higher than the result from
the commonly-adopted Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers method. The computed tree values could be publicized together
with multiple tree benefits to raise understanding and awareness and rally support to protect HTs. The property-linked FEM
could be flexibly applied to other cities, especially to assess HTs in compact developing cities. 相似文献
72.
Ongoing eutrophication is changing the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Aquaculture causes relatively small-scale nutrient emissions,
but local environmental impact may be considerable. We used substance flow analysis (SFA) to identify and quantify the most
significant flows and stocks of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) related to rainbow trout aquaculture in Finland. In 2004–2007,
the input of nutrients to the system in the form of fish feed was 829 t N year−1 and 115 t P year−1. Around one-fifth of these nutrients ended up as food for human consumption. Of the primary input, 70% ended up in the Baltic
Sea, directly from aquaculture and indirectly through waste management. The nutrient cycle could be closed partially by using
local fish instead of imported fish in rainbow trout feed, thus reducing the net load of N and P to a fraction. 相似文献
73.
Charles Hofer Claus Holzapfel 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1207-1213
The use of passerine species as bioindicators of metal bioaccumulation is often underutilized when examining the wildlife habitat value of polluted sites. In this study we tested feathers of nestlings of two common bird species (house wren and American robin) for accumulation of Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Cu, Fe in comparison of a polluted, urban brownfield with a rural, unpolluted site. House wren nestlings at the study site accumulated significantly greater concentrations of all target metals except Zn. At the polluted site we found significant species differences of metal concentrations in feathers, with house wrens accumulating greater concentrations of Pb, Fe, and Zn but slightly lesser accumulations of Cr and Cu than American robins. Although house wren nestlings demonstrated significant accumulation of metals, these concentrations showed little effect on size metrics or fledge rates during the breeding season compared to nestlings from the control site. 相似文献
74.
Jeffrey J. Opperman Ryan Luster Bruce A. McKenney Michael Roberts Amanda Wrona Meadows 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(2):211-226
Opperman, Jeffrey J., Ryan Luster, Bruce A. McKenney, Michael Roberts, and Amanda Wrona Meadows, 2010. Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity, Flow Regime, and Scale. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):211-226. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00426.x Abstract: This paper proposes a conceptual model that captures key attributes of ecologically functional floodplains, encompassing three basic elements: (1) hydrologic connectivity between the river and the floodplain, (2) a variable hydrograph that reflects seasonal precipitation patterns and retains a range of both high and low flow events, and (3) sufficient spatial scale to encompass dynamic processes and for floodplain benefits to accrue to a meaningful level. Although floodplains support high levels of biodiversity and some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth, they are also among the most converted and threatened ecosystems and therefore have recently become the focus of conservation and restoration programs across the United States and globally. These efforts seek to conserve or restore complex, highly variable ecosystems and often must simultaneously address both land and water management. Thus, such efforts must overcome considerable scientific, technical, and socioeconomic challenges. In addition to proposing a scientific conceptual model, this paper also includes three case studies that illustrate methods for addressing these technical and socioeconomic challenges within projects that seek to promote ecologically functional floodplains through river-floodplain reconnection and/or restoration of key components of hydrological variability. 相似文献
75.
Eric C. Merten Nathaniel A. Hemstad Randall K. Kolka Raymond M. Newman Elon S. Verry Bruce Vondracek 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(4):733-743
Merten, Eric C., Nathaniel A. Hemstad, Randall K. Kolka, Raymond M. Newman, Elon S. Verry, and Bruce Vondracek, 2010. Recovery of Sediment Characteristics in Moraine, Headwater Streams of Northern Minnesota After Forest Harvest. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 733-743. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00445.x Abstract: We investigated the recovery of sediment characteristics in four moraine, headwater streams in north-central Minnesota after forest harvest. We examined changes in fine sediment levels from 1997 (preharvest) to 2007 (10 years postharvest) at study plots with upland clear felling and riparian thinning, using canopy cover, proportion of unstable banks, surficial fine substrates, residual pool depth, and streambed depth of refusal as response variables. Basin-scale year effects were significant (p < 0.001) for all responses when evaluated by repeated-measures ANOVAs. Throughout the study area, unstable banks increased for several years postharvest, coinciding with an increase in windthrow and fine sediment. Increased unstable banks may have been caused by forest harvest equipment, increased windthrow and exposure of rootwads, or increased discharge and bank scour. Fine sediment in the channels did not recover by summer 2007, even though canopy cover and unstable banks had returned to 1997 levels. After several storm events in fall 2007, 10 years after the initial sediment input, fine sediment was flushed from the channels and returned to 1997 levels. Although our study design did not discern the source of the initial sediment inputs (e.g., forest harvest, road crossings, other natural causes), we have shown that moraine, headwater streams can require an extended period (up to 10 years) and enabling event (e.g., high storm flows) to recover from large inputs of fine sediment. 相似文献
76.
Gregory M. Southard Loraine T. Fries Aaron Barkoh 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(1):14-23
Southard, Gregory M., Loraine T. Fries, and Aaron Barkoh, 2010. Prymnesium parvum: The Texas Experience. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):14-23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00387.x Abstract: Golden alga Prymnesium parvum was first identified in Texas during a fish kill investigation on the Pecos River in 1985. Since then golden alga kills occurred sporadically in a variety of waters in the western part of the state until 2001 when the alga became endemic in the Brazos, Canadian, Colorado, Red, and Rio Grande river systems, including the water supplies of two public fish hatcheries, the Possum Kingdom and Dundee state fish hatcheries. The increasing area adversely affected by the alga and frequent massive fish kills heightened public and political awareness and concerns regarding the ecological and economic impacts of P. parvum blooms. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), the wildlife conservation agency of the state, responded to these concerns with a program to assess the ecological and economic impacts and to develop management options. To date 33 water bodies have been affected and losses are conservatively estimated at 34 million fish valued at US$13 million. Several sport fisheries, including smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, striped bass Morone saxatilis, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus, have been severely affected. Additionally, 26 imperiled fish species occur in the affected water basins and some have been adversely affected. Economic losses associated with reduced fishing and other water-based recreational activities appear considerable. The combined economic losses to three counties (Palo Pinto, Stephens, and Young) surrounding Possum Kingdom reservoir for 2001 and 2003 were estimated at US$2.8 million and US$1.1 million, respectively. This paper describes how the TPWD responded to public and political concerns relative to the emergence of golden alga, its harmful effects to fisheries, and its historic and current statewide distribution. 相似文献
77.
Stewardship among lifestyle oriented rural landowners 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nicholas Gill Peter Klepeis Laurie Chisholm 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2010,53(3):317-334
Changes in landownership associated with amenity migration are affecting the demographic, cadastral and ecological conditions of rural landscapes. These changes and concerns about their impacts on natural resource management, including ecological conservation, relate to both the structural consequences of landownership change, land subdivision and to the motivations, management ability and attitudes of lifestyle oriented rural landowners. Based on an Australian case study near Sydney, NSW, this paper examines the motivations and practices of such landowners, assesses potential consequences for vegetation and characterises the landowners according to three stewardship types. 相似文献
78.
79.
合肥城市绿地系统的景观生态评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
城市绿地作为城市结构中的自然生产力主体,在城市生态系统中起着重要的作用。为科学合理地评价合肥城市绿地系统的景观生态现状,建立较为全面、科学的评价指标体系,运用景观生态学的原理和方法,选取多样性指数、均匀度指数、破碎度指数、分离度指数、分维度指数、连通性指数等8个景观指数对合肥市城市绿地系统的景观格局进行研究和分析。研究结果表明,合肥市城市绿地生态格局总体上较好,绿地率和人均公园绿地面积较高;但也存在绿地分布不均,各种类型相差较大,破碎度较高,多样性程度不高,分形维数指数偏低,绿地景观的自然性和复杂性不够,连通度较低等问题。针对存在的问题,提出了合肥城市绿地景观生态规划的优化建议。研究结果为合肥市城市绿地景观生态系统的规划、设计提供了生态学依据,为“生态园林城市和森林城市”建设提供了理论依据 相似文献
80.
Plant communities in relation to flooding and soil contamination in a lowland Rhine River floodplain
Schipper AM Lotterman K Leuven RS Ragas AM de Kroon H Hendriks AJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(1):182-189
Using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), relationships were investigated between plant species composition and flooding characteristics, heavy metal contamination and soil properties in a lowland floodplain of the Rhine River. Floodplain elevation and yearly average flooding duration turned out to be more important for explaining variation in plant species composition than soil heavy metal contamination. Nevertheless, plant species richness and diversity showed a significant decrease with the level of contamination. As single heavy metal concentrations seemed mostly too low for causing phytotoxic effects in plants, this trend is possibly explained by additive effects of multiple contaminants or by the concomitant influences of contamination and non-chemical stressors like flooding. These results suggest that impacts of soil contamination on plants in floodplains could be larger than expected from mere soil concentrations. In general, these findings emphasize the relevance of analyzing effects of toxic substances in concert with the effects of other relevant stressors. 相似文献