火焰引燃高速列车行李燃烧特性全尺寸试验研究

以CRH1高速列车20 kg旅客行李为研究对象,采用家具量热仪和全尺寸试验研究了不同引火源功率、不同通风量等条件下行李点燃特性、热释放速率、质量损失率、热释放总量、烟气释放速率等火灾参数,总结了其燃烧行为及特性。结果表明:高速列车20 kg旅客行李燃烧特性易受通风量、引火源功率等火场环境影响;引燃时间为1~2 min,持续燃烧时间在27~35 min;热释放速率可达347.3 k W以上,因行李压实较为紧密,燃烧不够充分,产生大量高温未完全燃烧气体,极大程度增加列车车厢回燃性;质量损失率较小,行李燃烧不充分;温升速率快,最高温度可达230℃;产烟量较大,透光率最低为35%;行李热释放总量THR随着引火源功率增加而增大,最高可达到213 MJ,控制引火源功率是减小行李热释放总量THR的关键。     

Examination of factors associated with use rates after transition from a universal to partial motorcycle helmet use law

Objectives: Motorcycle riders account for a disproportionately high number of traffic injuries and fatalities compared to occupants of other vehicle types. Though research has demonstrated the benefits of helmet use in preventing serious and fatal injuries in the event of a crash, helmet use has remained relatively stable in the United States, where the most recent national estimates show a 64% use rate. Use rates have been markedly lower among those states that do not have a universal helmet law for all riders. In 2012, the state of Michigan repealed its longstanding mandatory helmet use law. In order to gain insights as to the effects of this legislative change, a study was conducted to examine short-term changes in helmet use and identify factors associated with use rates.

Methods: A statewide direct observation survey was conducted 1 year after the transition from a universal helmet law to a partial helmet law. A random parameters logistic regression model was estimated to identify motorcyclist, roadway, and environmental characteristics associated with helmet use. This modeling framework accounts for both intravehicle correlation (between riders and passengers on the same motorcycle) as well as unobserved heterogeneity across riders due to important unobserved factors.

Results: Helmet use was shown to vary across demographic segments of the motorcyclist population. Use rates were higher among Caucasian riders, as well as among those age 60 and above. No significant difference was observed between male and female riders. Use was also found to vary geographically, temporally, and with respect to various environmental characteristics. Geographically, helmet use rates tended to be correlated with historical restraint use trends, which may be reflective of riding environment and general differences in the riding population. To this end, rates were also highly variable based upon the type of motorcycle and whether the motorcyclist was wearing high-visibility gear.

Conclusions: The study results demonstrate the short-term reduction in helmet use following transition from a universal to partial motorcycle helmet law. The reduction in use is somewhat less pronounced than has been experienced in other states, which may be reflective of general differences among Michigan motorcyclists because the state has also generally exhibited higher use rates of seat belts and other forms of occupant protection. The study results also highlight potential target areas for subsequent education and public awareness initiatives aimed at increasing helmet use.     

2014—2018年铁路辖区职工癌胚抗原检测结果与分析

为了解某铁路辖区职工癌胚抗原异常情况,探讨该人群癌胚抗原异常检测结果的影响因素,以提出防控策略,采用全自动电化学发光仪对2014—2018年铁路辖区职工的癌胚抗原进行测定,共检测159 214份。结果表明,癌胚抗原异常率12.1%,56～60岁人群癌胚抗原异常率最高、为14.5%,男性职工癌胚抗原异常率高于女性,血糖偏高人群癌胚抗原异常率为16.5%。最后提出应进一步重视检测结果,充分利用铁路现有卫生资源,采取健康体检、健康宣传、健康休养、健康管理的防控手段。     

动态水流条件下河流底泥污染物(COD_(Cr))释放研究

为了研究不同水深、流速等水动力条件对底泥中污染物释放强度的影响,以苏州河底泥为例,通过水槽试验,分析了动态水流条件下河流底泥中污染物释放及其对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,CODCr释放率随时间的增大而增大,但CODCr释放强度随时间的增大而减小.底泥中污染物释放率与水深和流速有关,在相同水深的条件下,底泥的释放率随着流速的增加而增大;在相同流速的条件下,底泥的释放率随着水深的增大而减小.在水深10cm、流速0.10m.s-1的动态水流条件下,底泥向上覆水体释放CODCr的释放强度与时间的关系为:C=1.06C0e-0.06t.     

尿素对中国近海3种典型赤潮藻生长的影响

采用实验室一次性培养的方法,研究了尿素对中国近海3种赤潮藻---球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiellatrochoidea)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)生长的影响.结果表明,这3种赤潮藻均能利用有机氮源尿素生长,且表现出明显的浓度效应:当尿素浓度介于0~8.82μmol.L-1(以N计,下同)时,3种赤潮藻的比生长速率均较低,细胞密度也较低,与对照组相比无显著差异;当尿素浓度大于8.82μmol.L-1时,这3种赤潮藻表现出明显的生长效应.然而,3种赤潮藻适宜生长的尿素浓度并不一致,当尿素浓度分别为882、8820和8820μmol.L-1时,球形棕囊藻、锥状斯氏藻和中肋骨条藻分别达到最大比生长率0.76、0.54和0.66d-1.将3种赤潮藻在不同尿素浓度下的最大比生长速率用Monod方程拟合,得出球形棕囊藻、锥状斯氏藻和中肋骨条藻在以尿素为唯一氮源条件下的最大比生长速率和半饱和常数分别为0.73、0.47、0.63d-1和12.36、21.83和20.34μmo.lL-1.由此可见,这3种藻能够利用有机氮源尿素,无疑扩展了其氮营养来源,在无机氮源缺乏时,具有竞争优势.相比较而言,球形棕囊藻对尿素的亲和力最高,在低浓度尿素条件下,球形棕囊藻具有较高的竞争力.     

分段进水生物接触氧化工艺处理河道污水的试验研究

选择滇池入湖污染负荷最高的大清河为对象,以分段进水生物接触氧化(SFBC)工艺对河道污水开展了分流处理的试验研究,已完成冬季枯水期、春季枯水期及夏季丰水期3个时期的研究.结果表明.SFBC工艺对水质变化具有很好的适应性,调整各时期的运行参数,可以使COD及TP的去除率分别稳定在50%和40%左右,但TN的去除受水温及溶解氧等的影响很大,在逐渐稳定后去除率可达到20%左右.接种活性污泥可以加快装置的启动.但总体去除效果不及来水自然驯化的污泥.随着运行时间延长以及来水带入河道底泥的影响.有无接种污泥在处理效率上的差别逐渐消失.     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥搁置后活性恢复研究

利用气提式内循环间歇反应器(SBAR)考察好氧硝化颗粒污泥搁置2个月后重新投入运行, 其物理性状和微生物活性的恢复情况. 结果表明, 搁置后颗粒由棕黄色转为灰黑色, 粒径及沉降速率无明显变化. 颗粒重新投入反应器, 2周后颜色基本恢复; 污泥浓度、颗粒粒径以及沉降速率迅速增加; 颗粒中异养菌活性在1 d内即可恢复至原水平的86％, COD去除活性5 d后完全恢复, 去除率稳定在80%以上. 活性恢复阶段采用较高的曝气量和较长的循环时间有利于硝化菌的活性恢复, 第41 d曝气量由0.05 m³·h^-1提高到0.10 m³·h^-1后, 亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌活性分别由原水平的88%和82%提高到122%和92%, 氨氮去除率由之前的80% ～ 90%迅速提高到96%以上; 第65 d循环时间由4 h延长至6 h使硝酸菌的活性得到了完全恢复.     

中国工业企业排污强度影响因素的实证分析

在均衡污染模型的基础上,采用中国省级面板数据,选取4种代表性工业污染物,分析了东中西部工业企业排污强度的影响因素及区域差异。实证研究表明,东中部地区的污染排放强度随经济发展相对水平的上升而下降,而西部地区仍是将经济发展放在环境保护之上。其次,随着受教育水平的提高,先是工业企业得到发展从而带来更大的污染,随着当地对环境的关注逐渐加强,排污强度开始下降。     

基于网络监管系统的机动车排气污染控制管理

通过建立南京市机动车排气污染网络监管系统,将车辆上牌、尾气年检、路检抽检、公交治理、标志管理、区域限行、维修治理等有关机动车污染控制的工作环节纳入到系统中,实现全过程在线实时监控,以保证工作过程的规范性、检测数据的真实性和监督管理的科学高效性。     

Evaluating the e ects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong River that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the e uents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated e uents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the e uents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand because FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter e uents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the e uents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the e uents from granular media filters.