多循环CCRs法在分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2方面的应用

随着温室效应和全球变暖的加剧,煤燃烧所排出的CO2作为引起温室效应的主要气体而引起人们的密切关注.由于燃煤锅炉所排放的尾气中所含的CO2的体积份额低、排放量大,而且处于微负压状态,因此目前控制和分离吸收CO2的方法,包括各类吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法和O2/CO2燃烧技术等,能够经济可行地适用于电力工业燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2分离的方法非常少.与上述各类方法相比,钙基吸收剂CCRs(calcination/carbonation reactions)法是一种新兴的经济可行的分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2的方法.对采用该法时,吸收剂的选择、吸收剂在多次CCRs过程中结构特点的变化、提高吸收剂对CO2的吸收容量以及防止吸收剂反应性的衰减等方面进行了详细的阐述.     

秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律试验研究

根据锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)及锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2001),在不同风门的工况下,分别对设计的双层炉排秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律进行试验.试验表明,在较好工况下,双层炉排锅炉排烟中CO等中间产物及烟尘含量低于单层炉排锅炉,其排烟中CO、NOx、SO2和烟尘浓度等指标远远低于燃煤锅炉,符合国家关于工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求,有较好环保效益.     

Monoterpene emissions and carbonyl compound air concentrations during the blooming period of rape (Brassica napus)

An increasing percentage of agricultural land in Germany is used for oil seed plants. Hence, rape has become an important agricultural plant (in Saxony 1998: 12% of the farmland) in the recent years. During flowering of rape along with intensive radiation and high temperatures, a higher production and emission of biogenic VOC was observed. The emissions of terpenes were determined and more importantly, high concentrations of organic carbonyl compounds were observed during this field experiment. All measurements of interest have been carried out during two selected days with optimal weather conditions. It is found that the origin or the mechanism of formation of different group of compounds had strong influence on the day to day variation of their concentrations. The emission flux of terpenes from flowering rape plants was determined to be 16–32 μg h⁻¹ m⁻² (30–60 ng h⁻¹ per g dry plant––540–1080 ng h⁻¹ per plant), in total. Limonene, -thujene and sabinene were the most important compounds (about 60% of total terpenes). For limonene and sabinene reference emission rates (M_S) and temperature coefficients were determined: β_limonene=0.108 K⁻¹ and M_S=14.57 μg h⁻¹ m⁻²; β_sabinene=0.095 K⁻¹ and M_S=5.39 μg h⁻¹ m⁻².

The detected carbonyl compound concentrations were unexpectedly high (maximum formaldehyde concentration was 18.1 ppbv and 3.4 ppbv for butyraldehyde) for an open field. Possible reasons for these concentrations are the combination of primary emission from the plants induced by high temperature and high ozone stress, the secondary formation from biogenically and advected anthropogenically emitted VOC at high radiation intensities and furthered by the low wind speeds at this time.     

可持续发展的"零排放"生态城市模式初探

20世纪90年代初,联合国大学提出"零排放"概念,将可持续发展理论进一步深化.本文在研究循环经济、"零排放"农业、"零排放"工业的基础上,对"零排放"概念进行扩展,首次提出"零排放"生态城市模式的构想,这是一种有利于环境、资源与经济协调发展的绿色生活、工作、生产和消费方式.     

Monoterpene emissions and carbonyl compound air concentrations during the blooming period of rape (Brassica napus)

An increasing percentage of agricultural land in Germany is used for oil seed plants. Hence, rape has become an important agricultural plant (in Saxony 1998: 12% of the farmland) in the recent years. During flowering of rape along with intensive radiation and high temperatures, a higher production and emission of biogenic VOC was observed. The emissions of terpenes were determined and more importantly, high concentrations of organic carbonyl compounds were observed during this field experiment. All measurements of interest have been carried out during two selected days with optimal weather conditions. It is found that the origin or the mechanism of formation of different group of compounds had strong influence on the day to day variation of their concentrations. The emission flux of terpenes from flowering rape plants was determined to be 16–32 μg h⁻¹ m⁻² (30–60 ng h⁻¹ per g dry plant––540–1080 ng h⁻¹ per plant), in total. Limonene, α-thujene and sabinene were the most important compounds (about 60% of total terpenes). For limonene and sabinene reference emission rates (M_S) and temperature coefficients were determined: β_limonene=0.108 K⁻¹ and M_S=14.57 μg h⁻¹ m⁻²; β_sabinene=0.095 K⁻¹ and M_S=5.39 μg h⁻¹ m⁻².The detected carbonyl compound concentrations were unexpectedly high (maximum formaldehyde concentration was 18.1 ppbv and 3.4 ppbv for butyraldehyde) for an open field. Possible reasons for these concentrations are the combination of primary emission from the plants induced by high temperature and high ozone stress, the secondary formation from biogenically and advected anthropogenically emitted VOC at high radiation intensities and furthered by the low wind speeds at this time.     

挥发性有机硫化合物释放的研究与展望

在介绍硫的生物地球化学循环的基础上，概述了几种挥发性有机硫气体ＤＭＳ，ＣＯＳ，ＭＳＨ，ＣＳ２和ＤＭＤＳ从各种自然源（主要是生物源）释放的情况，着重阐述了陆地生态系统中各种生物硫源的释放情况，列举了测定这些释放的硫通量的方法，并且对有机硫气体的大气行为及环境影响也作了论述。     

Calibration and testing of a dynamic flow-through chamber for field determination of methyl bromide volatilization flux

Accurate emission measurement of highly volatile chemicals such as methyl bromide (MeBr) is a crucial step in assessing their potential for environmental contamination. Use of flux chambers is a simple method for measuring emission rate under field conditions. To validate the applicability of a dynamic flow-through chamber for measuring MeBr emission, we provide a complete presentation of calibration and testing of the chamber. The calibration was made under a controlled system subject to ambient temperature changes. Two field experiments were conducted to test the chamber for measuring MeBr flux under conditions similar to commercial soil fumigation practices. In both the calibration and the two field experiments, the chamber provided accurate emission estimates. The maximum mass balance error was < 10% which is comparable to the micrometerological method. Because of its simplicity, we believe this dynamic flux chamber can be used reliably in quantifying the emission dynamics of highly volatile chemicals such as MeBr.     

南方林区2000~2016年林火释放污染物动态变化研究

以南方林区为研究区域,基于林业统计年鉴和MODIS卫星火点数据,结合相关文献中不同林型各类污染物的排放因子数据,估算2000~2016年间研究区域各省森林生物质燃烧及污染物排放总量,并分析其时空变化情况.结果表明,南方林区森林火灾总体呈先升后降的趋势,林火空间分布较为分散.2000~2016年南方林区森林生物质燃烧总量4.79×10⁴kt.其中,温带常绿针叶林、温带常绿阔叶林、温带落叶阔叶林、热带常绿阔叶林和灌木的燃烧比例分别为65.24%,17.45%,1.55%,1.10%和14.66%.CO、CO₂、NO_x、CH₄、VOCs和PM_2.5等主要污染物的排放总量均值依次为3.73×10³,5.87×10⁴,48.05,347.27,358.54和365.06kt.此外,各类污染物的时空分布差异性明显：福建、广东、广西全省,海南西部,以及江西和湖南南部是各类污染物网格排放高值区;江西和湖北各类污染物的排放呈显著下降,福建NO_x、VOCs和PM_2.5,以及广东CH₄和VOCs下降趋势显著,其余省份各类污染物排放下降但不显著.林火释放污染物占工业粉尘比例呈波动性上升,表明该地区森林火灾对大气环境的影响程度逐渐增加.     

秦巴集中连片特困区多维贫困度量及其空间格局

连片特困区贫困是特殊的区域性贫困,实现持久脱贫,关键在于识别和评估区域的贫困程度以及深究其致贫原因。基于此,通过构建经济维度硬现状、社会维度软现状及自然维度潜在状态3维的多维贫困度量指标体系,应用均方差权重法测算了2006、2010及2014年秦巴集中连片特困区及各子区域的多维贫困度,并分析了多维贫困及其各维度的时空演变规律。结果表明：（1）秦巴集中连片特困区多维贫困度得分偏高,表明该区域贫困程度较深,且多维贫困在不同贫困维度上呈现显著差异。（2）2006—2014年秦巴集中连片特困区多维贫困度都呈减弱趋势,且表现出以甘肃省徽县至湖北省房县为轴带的中部地区集聚的空间演变趋势。（3）在整体多维贫困显著改善的同时,不同连片扶贫区及不同的贫困维度在减贫路径上也体现出不同的演化特征。所得结论为该区域内县域尺度贫困类型特征识别以及扶贫工作前期评估以及后期验收成效等提供一定技术支持,也为后期实施因地制宜的脱贫措施提供科学的辅助决策支撑。     

郑州市民运会期间大气PM2.5改善效果评估

利用2019年8月5日至9月30日大气污染物和颗粒物组分在线数据,评估郑州市少数民族运动会空气质量管控效果.根据政府管控措施的实施时间,将研究时期分为管控前(8月5～24日)、管控中(8月25日至9月18日)和解除管控后(9月19～30日).相较管控前,管控中PM_(2.5)平均浓度增加2.3μg·m~(-3),解除管控后PM_(2.5)的浓度增加了11.7μg·m~(-3),解除管控后PM_(2.5)浓度增幅高于管控中,表明管控措施对颗粒物有显著的减排效果.从颗粒物组分来看,研究期间郑州市主要组分依次是有机物、硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根和地壳元素.相比于管控前,管控期间PM_(2.5)组分中有机物和硝酸根占比分别上升3.9%和0.9%,硫酸根、铵根和地壳元素的占比下降了1.1%、 1.9%和2.2%.利用正定矩阵因子分解法解析颗粒物来源,结果表明二次硫酸、二次硝酸、二次有机气溶胶、机动车源、工艺过程源、扬尘和燃煤是PM_(2.5)主要来源.管控对一次源中的扬尘、燃煤和工业效果显著,贡献比分别下降8.3%、 8.2%和8.1%;机动车贡献上升3.8%;二次有机气溶胶和二次硝酸占比上升.结果表明郑州市此次管控对二次前体物氮氧化物和VOCs的减排效果弱于对一次污染物的管控.