Enrichments of Trace Metals in Particulate Matter From the Southern East China Sea,North of Taiwan

Abstract

This study investigates the distributions and enrichments of trace metals in suspended and sinking particulate matter from southern East China Sea (ECS) north of Taiwan during the period April 1992 to April 1993. According to these results, concentration of suspended particulate matter in the inner shelf of southern China Sea, the upwellinginfluenced shelf break, and in Kuroshio water are 1.30 (surface)–4.2 (bottom) mg1^?1, ca. 0.4 mg1^?1 and 0.1–0.2 mg1^?1, respectively, reflecting various influences of terrestrial inputs. A benthic nepheloid layer (BNL), apparently owing to resuspension of local and/or remote bottom sediments, formed over the shelf region. Temporal variations in trace metal contents and enrichments in suspended matter from the shelf region reflect the variation of metal inputs from Chinese rivers, particularly from the Changjiang runoff. the enriched metals are more likely to be derived from anthropogenic input, rather than from biological accumulation. in addition, a decrease in metal contents and an increase in salinity confirm the transport of suspended particulate metals from the East China Sea shelf to the open ocean. the feature of metal plume in the intermediate layer (550–800m) of Kuroshio water also verifies this occurrence. Moreover, the sinking particles collected from a sediment trap on the upper slope are relatively enriched in lithogenic matter and trace metals, suggesting the deposit of anthropogenic metals in the slope area.     

Distribution,enrichment, accumulation and potential ecological risks of mercury in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor,Taiwan

The distribution, enrichment, accumulation and potential ecological risks of mercury (Hg) in the surface sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, were investigated. Sediment samples from 20 locations throughout Kaohsiung Harbor were collected quarterly from 2006 to 2011, and characterised for mercury, aluminium, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total grease and grain size. The results showed that Hg concentrations varied from 0.06–6.73 mg kg^?1 with an average of 0.54±0.71 mg kg^?1. The spatial distribution of Hg reveals that the Hg concentration is relatively higher in the river mouth regions, especially at the Love River and Canon River mouths from where it gradually diminishes toward the harbour entrance region. The results from the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index analyses reveal that the sediments near the Love River and Canon River mouths experience severe enrichment and strong accumulation of Hg that originates from upstream sources of pollution. The assessment of biological effects indicates that concentrations of 92.5% Hg found in the sediment are higher than effects range low, implying that the harbour sediments may cause an adverse impact on aquatic lives. The results of a potential ecological risk index indicate that the sediment has higher to serious levels of ecological potential risks.     

我国3种自然土壤中稀有金属的化学形态分布特征研究

以我国3种典型土壤黑土、潮土和红壤为研究对象,在相对清洁未扰动自然土壤区域采集了土壤的剖面样品,分析了土壤中的稀有金属银(Ag)、铋(Bi)、铟(In)、锡(Sn)的含量水平,利用元素富集率(ER)的垂向分布探讨了外源污染对金属含量的影响,并采用连续逐级提取法研究了土壤中稀有金属的化学形态分布特征,用金属可交换态和碳酸...     

洁净环境样本低浓度微生物高效富集检测及应用

为了研究对洁净环境样本的低浓度微生物监测方法,制备了低浓度的革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌各3种,使用修饰后的新型磁珠对模拟样本中的微生物进行富集评价实验.革兰氏染色和菌落计数结果表明,磁珠对3种革兰氏阳性菌和3种阴性菌均具有显著富集浓缩作用,与大肠杆菌相比,磁珠对金黄色葡萄菌的富集浓缩比更高.使用磁珠富集液对自来水、桶装水和瓶装矿泉水中的微生物进行非特异性吸附后,比较上清和磁珠-微生物复合物的细菌16S rDNA基因拷贝数和菌落总数指标,结果表明磁珠对自来水和桶装水中的微生物均具有显著的吸附效果（P<0.01,P<0.001）.通过比较,抽滤法和磁珠法对自来水中的微生物富集效果有差异（P=0.002）,2种方法对桶装水和矿泉水的富集效果无显著差异（P=0.362）.采集实际空气样本进行磁珠富集微生物的菌落计数及细菌16S rDNA基因拷贝数进行分析,磁珠-微生物复合物中的绝对基因拷贝数和菌落总数均显著高于磁分离后上清液中基因拷贝数和菌落计数（P=0.0001）.此方法对微生物具有一定的高效富集作用.     

运用主成分分析(PCA)评价海洋沉积物中重金属污染来源

测定了胶州湾表层沉积物中重金属和有机质的含量,并用平均富集因子(Average Enrichment Factors,AEF)进行污染状况评价,发现胶州湾表层沉积物重金属污染可分为3类:轻度污染(AEFs<2),其中有Zn(AEF=1.11)、Pb(AEF=1.15)、Cr(AEF=1.52)、Mn(AEF=0.80)、Fe(AEF=0.45);中度污染(AEFs=2～3),包括Cu(AEF=2.79)和Cd(AEF=2.52);严重污染(AEFs>3),主要有As(AEF=3.03)和Hg(AEF=8.08).进一步通过主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)研究沉积物中重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分的贡献率分别为52.61%、17.37%和15.60%,表明重金属主要有3个来源:工业排污、有机质降解、岩石的自然风化与侵蚀过程.PCA的聚类分析指出,本次研究中所调查的14个站位在污染程度上可分为5大类,此结果既反映了胶州湾表层沉积物近河口污染程度重远河口污染程度轻的特点,同时也支持了工业排污是沉积物中重金属污染主要来源的分析.     

经济快速发展区域的城市植被叶面降尘粒径和重金属特征

以广东惠州和广州海珠区为例,用粒径分析仪和ICP-AES测定了城市不同功能区植被叶面降尘的粒径和重金属特征.结果表明,两地降尘粒径为对称分布,粒径均小于1 mm,60%粒径小于100μm.居住区、清洁区降尘颗粒小于商业交通区、工业区.降尘重金属,尤其Cd、Pb污染严重,惠州和广州降尘含量分别为Cd:6.8～12.8 mg·kg-1,8.8～13.0mg·kg-1;Pb:434～512mg·kg-1,584～1182 mg·kg-1.不同功能区重金属含量差异显著,污染水平递减顺序为:工业区、商业交通区、居住区、清洁对照区.降尘中重金属元素富集因子为18～746,反映其主要源于工业污染、交通排放、建筑物腐蚀剥落等人为源.叶面降尘与路尘以及叶面降尘之间大部分重金属显著相关,表明降尘和路尘重金属均来自外源输入.     

煤粉细度对一次颗粒物特性的影响研究

以3种不同细度的煤粉在沉降炉中做燃烧实验,利用8级Andersen粒子撞击器分级并捕集燃烧后的一次颗粒物.研究煤粉细度对煤粉燃烧后一次颗粒物特性的影响.结果表明,煤粉越细,燃烧后生成的颗粒物也越细, PM_i的排放量均随着煤粉细度的减小而增大,PM₁₀的量由粗煤粉和中煤粉的13 mg/g左右增大到了细煤粉的21 mg/g;PM_2.5的量由粗煤粉的2 mg/g增大到了细煤粉的8 mg/g.煤粉细度对煤粉燃烧后生成的总灰成分及含量影响不大,但对分级颗粒物的外观形貌影响较大.煤粉细度减小,痕量元素的R_EE增大.R_EE值大小的排列顺序依次为Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu>Ni.细煤粉生成的颗粒物中有毒痕量金属元素的含量更高.元素的挥发能力不受煤粉细度影响,但其挥发程度受煤粉细度影响却不同.细煤粉燃烧比粗煤粉燃烧具有更大的环境危害性.     

LAKE EUTROPHICATION–A NATURAL PROCESS1

Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.     

四环素类抗生素对土壤-生菜系统的生物效应及其迁移降解特性

四环素类抗生素(TCs)会随畜禽粪便的施用而残留在农田土壤,对蔬菜生长和土壤生态带来风险.本文通过温室土壤盆栽试验,外源添加3种不同水平的土霉素(OTC)、四环素(TC)和金霉素(CTC),研究了TCs对生菜的生理毒性和在生菜中的吸收转运特性,同时研究了TCs在土壤中的降解和对土壤酶活性以及土壤微生物数量的影响.结果表...     

长江南京段近岸沉积物中重金属富集特征与形态分析

在对长江南京段八卦洲和杨中两个冲积洲近岸沉积物及其优势野生植物中A1、Cu、zn、Cr、Pb、Nj和Cd元素含量分析的基础上,分别考查了这些重金属的富集系数(EF)和生物富集因子(BCF),并采用BCR连续提取法对Cd的赋存形态进行了研究.结果表明,本区域长江近岸沉积物和野生植物中重金属存在不同程度的富集现象,两洲沉积物中Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cd均有富集趋势,各元素EF>1的样品占总样品比例分别为Cu 50%、Cr40%、Pb40%、Ni 40%、Cd20%.而在野生桐蒿和芦蒿两种优势植物中Cd富集显著,其中桐蒿的BCF平均值高达2.57.采用BCR连续提取法对沉积物中Cd进行形态分析,结果显示,沉积物中Cd主要以酸溶/交换态(B1)和可还原态(B2)为主,二者分别为31.7%和45.5%,占到总量的70%以上,B1态远高于一般土壤和沉积物中重金属的分布,表现出很强的迁移性和生物可利用性.新生成沉积物较老沉积物中的B1态有显著增加,反映出沉积物越新,Cd的迁移性越强的趋势.研究结果说明长江城市段近岸沉积物中Cd受近期人为因素影响明显,具有一定的生态风险.