人工介质对水源水中藻类去除特性研究

采用人工介质富集微生物净化太湖梅梁湾水源地水体中的藻类.中试结果表明：随着介质密度和水力停留时间的增加,对藻类的去除率有所提高,增加水流速度并未降低对藻类的去除效果.当介质密度为26.8%、水力停留时间为5 d时,人工介质对藻类密度、生物量和叶绿素a的去除率分别为96.3%、88.7%、86.1%,表明人工介质对富营养化水体中藻类有较好地去除效果,同时对透明度和水下光照度也有明显的改善效果.     

4种固定化藻类对污水中氮的净化能力研究

取培养至对数末期的藻,采用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定,对人工污水进行静态模拟净化试验,研究了蛋白核小球藻、鱼腥藻、双对栅藻和突变衣藻4种藻在固定和悬浮状态下,对污水中的氨氮和硝酸氮的净化效率以及藻类的生长特性。结果表明：固定化藻细胞比悬浮态藻细胞具有生长更趋于稳定、藻类的活性保持时间更长的优势。4种藻类中,小球藻和鱼腥藻在污水中的生长状况更好,较适宜采用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定化技术。实验第5 d时,固定化小球藻、鱼腥藻、双对栅藻和衣藻对NH₃-N去除率分别为91.9%、84.8%、68.3%和51.2%;对NO^-₃-N的去除率分别为85.1%、100%、96.9%和65.9%。固定化小球藻对NH₃-N的去除效果最好,而固定化鱼腥藻对NO^-₃-N的去除效果最好。因此,小球藻和鱼腥藻更适用于去除污水中的氮,具有很好的应用前景。     

Synthesis and use of a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata seed oil with dimethyl carbonate

The preparation of sodium methoxide-treated algae catalysts and their activity in the transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil by dimethyl carbonate were investigated. We also investigated the effect of the sodium methoxide-treated algae catalyst on the biodiesel yield. The development of sodium methoxide-treated algae catalysts can overcome most problems associated with dissolution in dimethyl carbonate. The products were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to identify the fatty acid methyl esters in the biodiesel produced. The molar ratio of Pongamia pinnata seed oil to dimethyl carbonate in transesterification in the presence of the sodium methoxide-treated algae catalyst was observed to play a substantial role in this study, wherein the Pongamia pinnata seed oil conversion increased with increasing catalyst concentration. The highest percent conversion rate was 97%. With intense research focus and development, an ideal catalyst can indeed be developed for optimal biodiesel production that is both economically feasible and environmentally benign.     

Aspects and prospects of algal carbon capture and sequestration in ecosystems: a review

Long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other forms of carbon in non-atmospheric reservoirs is called carbon sequestration. Selective anthropogenic enrichment of the atmospheric carbon pool is causing dire environmental problems, thereby necessitating remediation by mitigation. Algae possess efficient carbon concentrating mechanisms and consequently high photosynthetic rates which make them suitable candidates for biosequestration of CO₂. Globally, nearly half of the atmospheric oxygen is generated by algal photosynthesis despite the fact that algae account for less than 1% of photosynthetic biomass. In water bodies, algae are responsible for creating the ‘biological pump’ that transports carbon from the upper sunlit waters to the depth below. A diverse array of photoautotrophs ranging from prokaryotic cyanobacteria to eukaryotic algae such as Chlorophytes, and even protists like euglenoids, contribute to this ‘biological pump’. It operates in a variety of aquatic ecosystems ranging from small freshwater ponds to the oceans where it has been most extensively studied. Two separate but intricately linked processes constitute this ‘biological pump’, viz. the ‘organic carbon pump’ and the ‘calcium carbonate pump’. The present review discusses the natural CO₂ sequestration processes carried out by algae and cyanobacteria in their native ecosystems.     

Chemical composition of selected seaweeds from the Indian Ocean,KwaZulu-Natal coast,South Africa

The chemical composition of three edible seaweeds (Codium capitatum, Hypnea spicifera and Sargassum elegans) and two inedible seaweeds (Halimeda cuneata and Spyridia hypnoides) from the Indian Ocean along the KwaZulu-Natal East Coast, South Africa were investigated as a function of seasonal variation. The proximate compositions of the edible seaweeds were determined. In edible seaweeds, the moisture level ranged from 85.4 to 89.5%, protein from 6.1 to 11.8%, lipids from 7.5 to 13.1% and carbohydrates from 37.8 to 71.9%. Elemental concentrations in the five studied seaweeds varied significantly with season (P < 0.05) with mean elemental concentrations (in µg g^?1, dry weight) being: Ca (29 260), Mg (6 279), Fe (1 086), Cu (145.9), Mn (48.32), As (24.29), Zn (15.65), Ni (9.83), Cr (5.78), Pb (4.84), Co (0.87) and Se (0.86). The concentrations of As were particularly high in S. elegans, ranging from 94.70 ± 6.6 µg g^?1 in winter to 65.10 ± 2.3 µg g^?1 in summer. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed similar distribution of elements in edible seaweeds which was dissimilar to that in inedible seaweeds. This study suggests that edible macro alga, C. capitatum and H. spicifera, could be potential sources of most essential nutrients and may contribute positively to the diet without posing the risk of adverse health effects due to low concentrations of toxic elements. However, due to high levels of As in S. elegans, its consumption should be moderated to reduce dietary exposure to this toxic element.     

微滤膜与活性炭联用工艺去除富营养化水源水中藻类

湖泊及水库含藻水问题带有一定的普遍性,处理技术复杂,难度较大。因此,除藻技术的提高和发展显得越来越紧迫。膜处理技术在给水中的应用是水处理技术的重大突破,正逐渐成为21世纪水处理技术中最有发展前途的技术。本文以继承和吸收成熟技术,并将其工程化,以便及时解决具体问题为原则,根据国内外最新水质标准要求,提出了微滤膜与活性炭联用的除藻新上艺,并对除藻工艺方案确定原则、研究内容和目标,以及除藻工艺方案设计进行了说细分析说明。本文认为微滤膜技术在我国供水行业推广已经具备了较好的条件,在不断积累经验的基础上可以达到大规模工程应用。应用微滤膜与活性炭联用工艺解决富营养化水源水中藻类问题在技术上是成熟的,在经济上是可行的。     

取代芳烃对藻类毒性与结构参数之间的定量关系研究

采用OECD标准方法测定了40种取代芳烃化合物对绿藻的48h急性毒性,毒性最强的是邻二硝基苯,其lg1 EC50为5 04;毒性最弱的是苯酚,其lg1 EC50仅为2 46。计算得到所研究化合物的分子最低空轨道能((ELUMO))、分子最高占有轨道能((EHOMO))、范德华面积((sVdW))及分子量(Mw)。对化合物毒性和结构参数进行了定量的结构与活性关系(QSARs)研究。所研究化合物对绿藻的毒性主要分子的轨道能和空间参数有关。方程(lg1 EC50=-1 029(EHOMO)+0 025(sVdW)-8 322,R2(adj)=0 824)有很好的预测能力,训练组的平均相对误差为6 10%,测试组的平均误差为6 99%。苯酚和苯胺类化合物属于极性麻醉剂,其毒性与空间参数或疏水性有关;硝基苯类是反应型化合物,可作为亲电子试剂,产生相应的潜在毒性更强的亚硝基化合物,其毒性一般与分子轨道能有关。      

微生物絮凝剂的研制及其对浊度去除的研究

从污水处理厂的活性污泥和污水中筛选到一株有高絮凝活性的微生物 (命名为WB 2 ) ,由该菌株分泌的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土有很好的絮凝效果。与聚合硫酸铁助絮凝剂共同使用时 ,该微生物絮凝剂对含藻污水的絮凝能达到理想的效果。当微生物絮凝剂浓度为 5mg/L、聚合硫酸铁浓度为 5～ 6mg/L时 ,处理效果最佳 ,浊度去除率达 98.6 % ,色度去除 82 %。     

围滩鱼塘中藻类生物量与水体养分关系的研究

通过大塘试验和围格试验,研究了围滩鱼塘生态系统中藻类的种群分布、变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:鱼塘藻类共有7门127种,年平均(4月～10月)数量11939×106个L、平均生物量9060mgL;藻类种群数量、生物量等存在动态变化;组成、生物量都以蓝、绿、硅藻门为主;影响藻类种群的主要水环境因子是氮磷比和总磷。在本试验范围内,藻类生物量与氮磷比呈极显著负相关关系。