A new approach to estimation of methane emission rates from landfills

Methane emission monitoring has become increasingly essential for diffusive area sources, especially for landfills, which contribute to a significant fraction of the total anthropogenic methane emission globally. Statutorily, methane emission rate from landfills in Germany shall be examined on a semiannual basis; however, an appropriate approach has yet to be developed and adopted for general use. In this study, a new method is proposed based on experimental results, which utilizes a TDLAS (Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy) instrument – GasFinder2.0® system and a dispersion model LASAT (Lagrangian Simulation of Aerosol Transport) as the measurement device and calculation model, respectively. Between April 2010 and December 2011, a research project was conducted at a pilot scale landfill in the south of Germany. Drawing on the extensive research into this pilot project, an effective strategy of measurement setup was determined. Methane concentration was measured with GasFinder2.0® system in the upstream and downstream sections of the project site, while wind and turbulence data were measured simultaneously by an ultrasonic anemometer. The average methane emission rate from the source can be calculated by using the results as input data in the dispersion model. With this method, site-specific measurement approaches can be designed for not only landfills, but also different diffusive area sources with less workload and lower cost compared to conventional FID (Flame Ionization Detector) method.     

中国近半个世纪地面太阳总辐射时空变化特征

论文利用近半个世纪(1961-2009年)全国58个气象站的地面太阳总辐射观测资料,采用线性倾向估计、小波分析和Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了近50 a来全国及区域地面太阳总辐射的年际、季节长期变化趋势特征、年代际距平、周期和突变点。结果表明:全国58个站点地面年太阳总辐射的长期变化趋势主要呈变化不明显和下降明显,分别占总站点数的50.0%和46.6%,且具有一定的气候地带性和局地差异。省级大城市的站点中,下降明显的站点约占该类站点数的三分之二,而其他城市以变化不明显的站点居多。从年代际距平看,在20世纪60年代和70年代,呈上升趋势的站点占总站点数的比例分别约为80%和50%;在80年代,以下降的站点居多,占80%以上;90年代至今,以下降趋势的站点居多,约占50%,但有30%左右的站点为上升明显。从季节的长期变化趋势看,除冬季以下降明显为主以外,春、夏、秋季均以变化不明显为主。从变化周期看,年际周期为6~9 a,年代际周期为10~13 a和20~23 a,但其周期在各气候带有异同。发生突变的时间也具有一定的地带性,各带突变时间有差异。     

基于不同卫星降雨产品的澴水花园流域径流模拟比较研究

卫星降雨产品作为缺资料或无资料地区估算流域降雨径流的一种途径,适用性尚需大量实验研究。以澴水花园流域为研究区,综合评估了TRMM(3B42V7)、TRMM_RT(3B42V7)、PERSIANN CDR和CMORPH 4个卫星降雨产品在流域平均雨量计算与径流模拟中的精度,设置多方案与多种水文模拟情景全面检验各降雨产品的可靠性与适用性。研究表明：(1)在研究期2002~2013年,没有一个卫星降雨产品对所有精度评价指标均表现最优,PERSIANN始终表现为最差;(2)各卫星降雨产品对于不同年代和不同统计时段的精度差异明显,且一般汛期精度高于全年精度。各年代精度最高的卫星降雨产品在年与汛期尺度上与实测雨量相关系数均超过0.9;(3)各卫星降雨产品对有雨日降雨探测能力较强,但空报率较高,所有卫星降雨产品对于年最大1 d、3 d和7 d降雨估算误差较大,无法达到可利用精度;(4)采用卫星降雨产品进行径流模拟时,以相应的卫星降雨进行水文模型参数率定可获得更高的模拟精度。TRMM_RT与CMORPH日径流模拟精度较好,CMORPH月径流模拟精度较好。总体而言,CMORPH更适用于径流模拟。对于典型的3场大洪水模拟结果表明,TRMM_RT和CMORPH对洪峰与洪量（径流深）的模拟精度相对较高。     

基于GIS的2.5维场地地震液化势概率评价

用具有概率意义的饱和砂土抗液化强度经验公式对2.5维工程场地进行了地震液化势概率评价,通过Kriging法对目标场地区域进行空间插值,可以对大区域工程场地的液化深度和液化范围进行分析评价;采用不规则三角网表面和四面体综合法共同描述地质体模型,在GIS的3维分析模块支持下建立了液化势可视化模型。研究表明:Kriging法通过已勘测点的土层地震液化势来估计未勘测点的土层地震液化势,能够较好地区划出场地地震液化势的空间分布特征,并对待估点进行预测;利用GIS的3维分析模块,实现2.5维场地地震液化势可视化模型的建立是一条有效的技术路线。     

天津市居民生活消费CO2排放估算分析

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)碳排放计算指南(2006年版)中的计算公式和CO2排放系数缺省值,以居住综合消费碳排放、叠加交通消费碳排放计算模型为基础,应用碳排放系数法估算了2006~2008年天津市居民人均生活消费CO2排放量及其在总的能源消耗CO2排放量中所占比例.结果表明,2006~2008年天津市居民生活消费CO2排放量呈逐年上升趋势,2008年的排放量比2006年增加了13.7%.居民生活消费CO2排放在总的能源消耗CO2排放中所占比例整体呈上升趋势,并从产业结构和能源消费结构两个角度分析了导致这一现象的原因.     

Estimation of VOC emissions

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a major concern for industry. In order to reduce these, and to apply prevention options, it is necessary to accurately quantify them. A reliable methodology for such quantification does not yet exist. This paper presents an overview of methods currently available, together with some shortcomings. It urges further work to develop reliable techniques, and suggests possible areas for future work.     

Inherent risk assessment—A new concept to evaluate risk in preliminary design stage

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) has been a very popular and useful methodology which is widely accepted by the industry over the past few decades. QRA is typically carried out at a stage where complete plant has been designed and sited. At that time, the opportunity to include inherent safety design features is limited and may incur higher cost. This paper proposes a new concept to evaluate risk inherent to a process owing to the chemical it uses and the process conditions. The risk assessment tool is integrated with process design simulator (HYSYS) to provide necessary process data as early as the initial design stages, where modifications based on inherent safety principles can still be incorporated to enhance the process safety of the plant. The risk assessment tool consists of two components which calculate the probability and the consequences relating to possible risk due to major accidents. A case study on the potential explosion due to the release of flammable material demonstrates that the tool is capable to identify potential high risk of process streams. Further improvement of the process design is possible by applying inherent safety principles to make the process under consideration inherently safer. Since this tool is fully integrated with HYSYS, re-evaluation of the inherent risk takes very little time and effort. The new tool addresses the lack of systematic methodology and technology, which is one of the barriers to designing inherently safer plants.     

PACS絮凝除油效果及其数学模型研究

ＰＡＣＳ作为一种处理油田含油污水的高效絮凝剂，目前已在油田含油污水的净化中得到了广泛的应用。本文就不同的ＰＡＣＳ投加量对不同含油量的油田含油污水的除油效果，进行了实验研究，得到了一系列实验结果，并根据所得结果通过模型识别和多参数最优估计方法，建立了除油率与ＰＡＣＳ的投加量和含油污水含油量之间的非线性数学模型，得到了令人满意的结果。     

蒸散量测定与估算方法的对比研究

以涡度相关法的实测资料为标准,对波文比-能量平衡法、空气动力学法、Penman-Monteith模型、Shuttleworth-Wallace模型进行对比研究,并分析了各种方法的精度和灵敏度。结果表明:Penman-Monteith模型和波文比-能量平衡法的精度最高,Shuttleworth-Wallace模型和空气动力学法的精度较差。Penman-Monteith模型的稳定性较好,波文比-能量平衡法受Δe和ΔT观测精度的影响大,风温湿观测高度以及下垫面是否均一对空气动力学法影响较大,Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对各类阻抗较为敏感。     

基于贝叶斯优化的三维水动力-水质模型参数估值方法

随着水质目标管理要求的提升,基于复杂的三维水动力-水质模型的决策成为流域精准治理的必需.水质模型通常具有复杂的结构,包含大量的方程和参数,而参数取值的准确性会影响模型对水体系统表征的可靠性,进而影响根据模型结果进行水环境管理的效果,因此,有必要探究适用于复杂水质模型的高效参数估值方法.传统的自动参数估值方法应用于复杂的水质模型时会面临计算瓶颈,而贝叶斯优化适用于高运算成本模型的优化问题.本研究提出基于贝叶斯优化的复杂水质模型参数估值方法,主要包括:①重要影响参数识别;②重要参数敏感性排序与筛选;③采用贝叶斯优化对筛选出的参数进行估值;④方法的适用性评估.同时,将该方法应用于云南异龙湖的三维水动力-水质模型的参数估值中,发现进行参数估值后模型lg(NSE)均大于0.65,表明模型达到了满意的级别.研究表明,当贝叶斯优化算法的采集函数为EI时,仅需要141次迭代lg(NSE)即可达到0.766,该方法对复杂水质模型的参数估值具有一定的借鉴意义.