互花米草在上海崇明东滩的入侵历史、分布现状和扩张趋势的预测

近20余a来,互花米草在我国沿海及河口滩涂快速扩散,已成为我国海岸盐沼中最重要的入侵植物。上海崇明东滩是我国长江口的国际重要湿地,目前受到了互花米草入侵的严重威胁。自1995年在崇明东滩首次发现互花米草以来,互花米草的分布面积已超过1 600 hm2。总结了近几年在崇明东滩进行的互花米草相关研究,旨在对互花米草的控制与管理提供科学依据。目前互花米草主要分布在崇明东滩的东部及北部,决定其入侵动态与分布的主要因素在于：（1）互花米草对沿海滩涂环境具有良好适应与耐受能力;（2）人为引种大大加快了互花米草的扩张速度;（3）崇明东滩湿地的水分盐度条件特征导致互花米草主要分布在崇明东滩的东部与北部。根据互花米草的生理学特征和长江口地区的水文特点可以推断：互花米草在东滩东部和北部将继续扩张,但目前尚难入侵东滩南部区域,而人类活动可能加剧互花米草入侵。根据互花米草的入侵现状和趋势,必须尽快采取多种途径对互花米草进行控制和管理     

Origin and transport of U and Ra in riverine,estuarine and marine sediments of the Krka River,Croatia

Spatial distribution of ²³⁸U and ²²⁶Ra activities in sediment columns along the Krka River and estuary, were studied using gamma spectrometry. Markedly different ²³⁸U and ²²⁶Ra activities between riverine, estuarine and marine sediments were observed. Distribution of these radionuclides, as well as their anthropogenic and natural origin, was evaluated by activity measurements, taking into account sedimentation rates estimated by ¹³⁷Cs distribution in sediment columns.     

The relationships between mercury and selenium in plankton and fish from a tropical food web

Background, aim, and scope  Selenium (Se) has been shown to reduce mercury (Hg) bioavailability and trophic transfer in aquatic ecosystems. The study of methylmercury (MeHg) and Se bioaccumulation by plankton is therefore of great significance in order to obtain a better understanding of the estuarine processes concerning Hg and Se accumulation and biomagnification throughout the food web. In the western South Atlantic, few studies have documented trace element and MeHg in fish tissues. No previous study about trace elements and MeHg in plankton has been conducted concerning tropical marine food webs. Se, Hg, and MeHg were determined in two size classes of plankton, microplankton (70–290 μm) and mesoplankton (≥290 μm), and also in muscle tissues and livers of four fish species of different trophic levels (Mugil liza, a planktivorous fish; Bagre spp., an omnivorous fish; Micropogonias furnieri, a benthic carnivorous fish; and Centropomus undecimalis, a pelagic carnivorous fish) from a polluted estuary in the Brazilian Southeast coast, Guanabara Bay. Biological and ecological factors such as body length, feeding habits, and trophic transfer were considered in order to outline the relationships between these two elements. The differences in trace element levels among the different trophic levels were investigated. Materials and methods  Fish were collected from July 2004 to August 2005 at Guanabara Bay. Plankton was collected from six locations within the bay in August 2005. Total mercury (THg) was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. MeHg analysis was conducted by digesting samples with an alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution followed by dithizone-toluene extraction. MeHg was then identified and quantified in the toluene layer by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Se was determined by AAS using graphite tube with Pin platform and Zeeman background correction. Results and discussion  Total mercury, MeHg, and Se increased with plankton size class. THg and Se values were below 2.0 and 4.8 μg g⁻¹ dry wt in microplankton and mesoplankton, respectively. A large excess of molar concentrations of Se in relation to THg was observed in both plankton size class and both fish tissues. Plankton presented the lowest concentrations of this element. In fish, the liver showed the highest THg and Se concentrations. THg and Se in muscle were higher in Centropomus undecimalis (3.4 and 25.5 nmol g⁻¹) than in Micropogonias furnieri (2.9 and 15.3 nmol g⁻¹), Bagre spp (1.3 and 3.4 nmol g⁻¹) and Mugil liza (0.3 and 5.1 nmol g⁻¹), respectively. The trophic transfer of THg and Se was observed between trophic levels from prey (considering microplankton and mesoplankton) to top predator (fish). The top predators in this ecosystem, Centropomus undecimalis and Micropogonias furnieri, presented similar MeHg concentrations in muscles and liver. Microplankton presented lower ratios of methylmercury to total mercury concentration (MeHg/THg) (34%) than those found in mesoplankton (69%) and in the muscle of planktivorous fish, Mugil liza (56%). The other fish species presented similar MeHg/THg in muscle tissue (of around 100%). M. liza showed lower MeHg/THg in the liver than C. undecimalis (35%), M. furnieri (31%) and Bagre spp. (22%). Significant positive linear relationships were observed between the molar concentrations of THg and Se in the muscle tissue of M. furnieri and M. liza. These fish species also showed significant inverse linear relationships between hepatic MeHg and Se, suggesting a strong antagonistic effect of Se on MeHg assimilation and accumulation. Conclusions  Differences found among the concentrations THg, MeHg, and Se in microplankton, mesozooplankton, and fishes were probably related to the preferred prey and bioavailability of these elements in the marine environment. The increasing concentration of MeHg and Se at successively higher trophic levels of the food web of Guanabara Bay corresponds to a transfer between trophic levels from the lower trophic level to the top-level predator, suggesting that MeHg and Se were biomagnified throughout the food web. Hg and Se were positively correlated with the fish standard length, suggesting that larger and older fish bioaccumulated more of these trace elements. THg, MeHg, and Se were a function of the plankton size. Recommendations and perspectives  There is a need to assess the role of selenium in mercury accumulation in tropical ecosystems. Without further studies of the speciation of selenium in livers of fishes from this region, the precise role of this element, if any, cannot be verified in positively affecting mercury accumulation. Further studies of this element in the study of marine species should include liver samples containing relatively high concentrations of mercury. A basin-wide survey of selenium in fishes is also recommended.     

Influence of tidal regime on the distribution of trace metals in a contaminated tidal freshwater marsh soil colonized with common reed (Phragmites australis)

A historical input of trace metals into tidal marshes fringing the river Scheldt may be a cause for concern. Nevertheless, the specific physicochemical form, rather than the total concentration, determines the ecotoxicological risk of metals in the soil. In this study the effect of tidal regime on the distribution of trace metals in different compartments of the soil was investigated. As, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in sediment, pore water and in roots were determined along a depth profile. Total sediment metal concentrations were similar at different sites, reflecting pollution history. Pore water metal concentrations were generally higher under less flooded conditions (mean is (2.32 ± 0.08) × 10⁻³ mg Cd L⁻¹ and (1.53 ± 0.03) × 10⁻³ mg Cd L⁻¹). Metal concentrations associated with roots (mean is 202.47 ± 2.83 mg Cd kg⁻¹ and 69.39 ± 0.99 mg Cd kg⁻¹) were up to 10 times higher than sediment (mean is 20.48 ± 0.19 mg Cd kg⁻¹ and 20.42 ± 0.21 mg Cd kg⁻¹) metal concentrations and higher under dryer conditions. Despite high metal concentrations associated with roots, the major part of the metals in the marsh soil is still associated with the sediment as the overall biomass of roots is small compared to the sediment.     

黄河口无机碳输运过程对pH异常增高现象的响应

为研究黄河无机碳的输运过程及有效入海通量,通过对2004年至2006年黄河口汛期和非汛期淡水-海水混合过程中无机碳参数、溶解氧饱和度、叶绿素和NH⁺₄、 PO^3-₄的分析得出,黄河口低盐度区pH出现相对于淡水端异常增高现象,而恰在此区域DIC出现亏损现象,黄河口淡-咸水混合区域pH异常增高现象可以表征无机碳的沉降作用.淡咸水混合初期生物好氧呼吸作用的降低能够导致p_CO2的迅速降低是造成低盐度区pH出现相对于淡水端异常增高现象的主要原因.根据河口溶解物质的保守混合模型,发现混合过程中ΔDIC与ΔTA是1∶1的关系,表明DIC出现亏损是由于HCO^-₃清除造成的,汛期和非汛期黄河口无机碳的沉降作用能够清除输入到河口DIC总量的10%,即黄河口每年可清除1.21×10⁵ t河流输入的溶解无机碳,DIC的有效入海通量约为10.86×10⁵ t,通过评估,黄河流域风化作用吸收的大气CO₂量将有10%左右被河口无机碳沉降作用重新释放到大气中,而流域风化作用固定的CO₂在河口将有2.24×10⁵ t（以CO₂计）重新释放到大气中.     

MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION IN A POLICY ANALYSIS OF A RHINE ESTUARY1

ABSTRACT: As part of a major project to provide the Rhine delta protection from North Sea floods, the Dutch installed sluices at Haringvliet in the late 1960s and converted the Haringvliet-Hollandsch Diep-Biesbosch (HHB) estuary into a tidally-damped, fresh-water system. Two decades later, the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat commissioned a study of alternative policies for managing the sluices and removing contaminated bottom sediments, including policies which would at least partially restore estuarine conditions to the HHB. This paper describes the public policy analysis comprising that study, focusing on the role played by formal mullicriteria evaluation (MCE), including the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Through the tasks of value-tree structuring, impact measurement, and criterion prioritization, the MCE influenced the entire structure of the analysis, became an integral part of it, and, despite initial skepticism among the participants about the utility of multicriteria analysis, was subsequently accepted and viewed favorably by the majority of them.     

渤海滨州沿岸各入海河口污染指标的主组元分析

本文对渤海滨州沿岸各入海河口进行了现状污染指标的主组元分析，获得表征各河口的主要污染指标，进而说明各河口污染类型。结果表明，潮河等四河口基本属有机污染型。     

长江口南支重金属分布研究

对长江口南支采集的水样、悬沙和表层沉积物中的重金属含量进行了分析。结果表明，悬浮物中重金属含量高于表层沉积物，且2者远高于水相中重金属含量。大多数重金属元素间都有良好的相关性。水相中重金属含量由内向外呈轻微的浓度变化；悬浮物中重金属含量逐渐降低；表层沉积物中重金属含量向长江口外有降低趋势，介在长江口门处出现高浓度。河口重金属的分布受到离子交换、吸附、解吸、释释以及水动力等诸多因素的影响。     

潮汐河口区河汊与干流之间污染物输移过程模拟方法研究

利用一维圣维南水动力方程和二维浅水潮波方程模拟潮汐河口区河汊与干流之间水流衔接冲天 此基础上利用正交曲线坐标系下和直角坐标系下的二维对流扩散方程，并结合拉格郎日水团追踪法，模拟污染物在潮汐河口区河汊与干流之间的输移街接过程。最后论述此方法在珠江口虎门某工厂排污的预测中的应用。     

珠江澳门河口高浊度问题的防治对策探讨

由于澳门河口的水环境问题相当突出，水体浊度高，因此研究该水域的高浊度问题，不仅对该地区的神经经济发展具有重要的实际应用和指导价值。而且也具有重要的理论意义。针对高浊度问题，论文提出治理对策主要从四个方面着手，其中是主要的工程措施是重点加强澳门、珠海的城市污水处理厂的建设，具体结合到上述城市的实际情况，目前就是要加快澳门城市污水处理厂、珠海唐家污水处理厂的建设，同时也要加强水源保护工程的建设，大力建