丁酸钠对肉鸭生长及粪便中污染物减排效果的影响

在樱桃谷肉鸭的基础日粮中添加丁酸钠,研究了丁酸钠对肉鸭生产性能及粪便中污染物含量和排放量的影响.结果表明,添加350、700和1 050 mg·kg-1丁酸钠处理(试验组2、3、4)料重比较对照(试验组1)均显著降低,分别降低4.95%、6.71%和4.59%(P＜0.05),0～3周试验组3和4肉鸭日增质量较对照提高9.16%和9.47%(P＜0.05);添加丁酸钠可显著降低鸭粪中TN、TP、氨氮、有机质、Cu和Zn含量(P＜0.05),试验组3对TN、TP、氨氮和Zn的降低效果最好,分别较对照组减少6.15%、17.36%、59.98%和18.96%;不同水平丁酸钠处理鸭粪中污染物排放量均较对照显著降低(P＜0.05),试验组3对污染物TN、TP、氨氮、有机质和Zn的减排效果最好,而试验组4对Cu的减排效果最佳.在肉鸭饲料中添加700 mg·kg-1丁酸钠可获得最佳的生产性能和减排效果.     

集约化养殖场羊与兔粪尿产生量的监测

以集约化养羊场、养兔场为研究对象,监测了不同季节羊与兔的粪尿排泄量、粪尿养分含量、饲料养分摄入量等.结果表明,兔日平均粪便排泄量0.37 kg·只-1,年粪便排泄总量135.05 kg·只-1,粪便中氮、磷、钾和有机质平均质量含量分别为25.55、5.07、6.59和660.4 g·kg-1;羊日平均粪便排泄量1.09 kg·只-1,年排泄总量397.85 kg·只-1,粪便中氮、磷、钾以及有机质平均质量含量分别为19.89、4.90、11.79和649.1 g·kg-1.同一季节,同种动物磷的排泄量与摄入量比值高于氮、钾,同种动物养分排泄量与摄入量比值在不同季节也有差异.     

Sediment organic matter and meiofauna community response to long-term fish-farm impact in the Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)

Quantitative and qualitative changes in meiofauna community structure were investigated to assess the impact of a fish farm, which was operating continuously for 15 years (La Spezia Gulf, W Mediterranean). Sediment samples were collected in June, July, September, October 2000 and February 2001 for the analysis of phytopigments (chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments), the biochemical composition of organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and related to meiofaunal parameters.

Sediment organic matter reached extremely high concentrations beneath the fish cages when compared to the control. Particularly lipids, carbohydrates and chlorophyll-a were significantly higher in fish-farm sediments. On a long-term basis meiofauna displayed adaptations in sediments beneath the cages resulting in an increase of density. Organic impact on meiofaunal community structure was evident in terms of an increase of the nematodes to copepods (Ne/Co) and nauplius to copepods (Na/Co) ratios in fish farm sediments. Cumaceans and kinorhynchs were encountered in control sediments, but disappeared in fish-farm samples. These data suggest that meiofauna is a sensitive tool for evaluating the effects of organic enrichment in fish farm impacted areas.     

山坡农地水土流失防治技术若干进展与成效分析

本文分析了山坡农地水土流失的现状 ,着重介绍了 7种防治农田水土流失的技术措施 ,并详细分析了其研究进展与应用成效。     

水葫芦资源化处置与综合利用研究评述

水葫芦（凤眼莲）是一种源自南美的浮水植物。由于人为引入,水葫芦已经遍布整个热带、亚热带地区,带来了诸如鱼类减产、影响捕鱼、堵塞航道等问题。水葫芦木质素、纤维素含量高,含水率大,因此处置处理困难;同时由于水葫芦种子存活时间长、繁殖速度快,所以水葫芦的控制至今仍是个难题。简要阐述了水葫芦的生物学特性及现有的控制方法;对水葫芦的化学组成研究进行了总结;将其资源化处置方式归纳为制备燃料（固体燃料、液体燃料及气体燃料）、饲料（干饲料、青贮饲料）和肥料（有机肥、绿肥）３种方式,在对各项技术分别评述的基础上进行了比较。提出制备沼气燃料和有机肥是水葫芦目前较有前景的利用方式。但对于农村地区的水葫芦处置来说,简易的堆肥和绿肥还田是更为合适的处置方式。     

北京市畜禽粪便土地利用适宜性分析

以北京市为研究区域,基于GIS下采用权重线性加和模型(WLC),综合自然、环境、社会和经济等多因子.对北京市畜禽粪便土地利用的适宜性进行了定量分析.结果表明,北京市10个郊区县适合施用畜禽粪便的耕地面积为1605.3 km2,占耕地总面积的35.3%,主要分布在北京市的南部、东南部和中部地区.聚类分析将全市郊区划分为东南部、北部、西南部和中部4个区域.东南部和中部远郊平原区比较适合发展畜禽养殖业,目前的养殖量与最大承载量之间尚存在一定空间;但是由于城镇化的加快,可施用粪便的农田与居民区的安全距离成为影响粪便施用的主要因素,需要结合有效的管理措施以避免畜禽粪便土地利用的污染风险.北部和西南部远郊低山丘陵区应适度控制畜禽养殖业的发展,由于北部区县(延庆、怀柔、密云和平谷)河流密集,并分布有北京市的主要地表水源,故与水体的安全距离对该地区的耕地施用粪便有重要影响;应控制和减少土壤沙化及水土流失,同时建立滨岸缓冲带来控制畜禽粪便土地利用对水体的进一步污染,以达到经济发展和环境保护的双重目的.     

Effects of 5-year application of municipal solid waste compost on the distribution and mobility of heavy metals in a Tunisian calcareous soil

It is obvious that the application of solid waste compost improves the soil fertility. These wastes, however, may also have some negative effects on the agricultural environment due to their metal content. This research aimed at evaluating the influence of Tunisian municipal solid waste compost and farmyard manure on some chemical properties and the distribution of heavy metals in a calcareous Tunisian soil (clayey–loamy soil). A field plot experiment, without vegetation, was installed since 1999 at the experimental farm of the Agronomic National Institute of Tunis (INAT) in the region of Mornag (20 km south of Tunis, Tunisia). During 5 years, the field received yearly the following treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 t/ha of municipal solid waste compost and 0, 40 and 120 t/ha of manure. The fractionation of heavy metals in the soil was evaluated after 5 years using a sequential extraction procedure. The application of the two amendments was found to increase the content of organic matter, the total nitrogen content and the electrical conductivity, whereas it slightly decreased the soil pH. The addition of manure did not have a significant effect on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, whereas compost application increased the total concentration of heavy metals in the soil. The distribution of heavy metals between the different fractions in untreated and treated soils showed the residual fraction to be dominant, followed by the fraction bound to Fe and Mn oxides. The amount of Cu bound to the organic fraction increased with the application rate, which is probably caused by the formation of organic complexes. For the other metals, the increase of the association with organic matter is very limited. The application of compost moreover increases the amount of Zn associated with Fe and Mn oxides. The “Mobility Factor (MF)” was quite low and did not change after the 5-year application of the two organic amendments. It always remained lower than 10%, although for Cd it amounted to 17%.     

赤子爱胜蚓处理鲜牛粪的适宜条件研究

文章以鲜牛粪为饵料,通过培养试验研究不同乙酸添加量、湿度、温度、接种密度和添加EM菌对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)生长繁殖的影响,从而为蚯蚓处理畜禽粪便筛选最适宜的生长条件。结果表明:蚯蚓生长最适宜的条件为,每90g(干重)饵料接种8条蚯蚓,加1mL10%的乙酸溶液,含水率控制在65%～70%;温度控制在20～25℃,并接种EM菌促进蚯蚓的生长繁殖。     

Voronoi尾流规避下的风电场布局安全性研究

为了降低尾流对风电场稳定输出和风力机发电性能的危害,在现存风电场风力机布置优化布局方法下,提出结合1种基于几何约束辅助的Voronoi图的全新优化方法,对现行的几种代表性的风电场布局进行二次迭代优化,并利用WAsP软件对优化前后的布局做对照数值仿真计算。研究结果表明:优化后的布局可有效规避尾流效应,提高风电系统的稳定输出性和安全供电,并提高风电能量利用率。本文以Voronoi几何生成特性为研究核心,在总结一般规律下,结合程序化计算思维、人工智能、计算机图形学算法等知识,深入探讨Voronoi风场布局计算模拟仿真的未来应用可行性,得出其提高精度的有效方法,同时为风电场布局理论和其他学科的交叉融合提供创新思路。     

不同改性金属盐对猪粪堆肥过程氮磷保存的影响

采用混合水平均匀试验U6(62×3),考察猪粪堆肥过程中分别添加不同摩尔分数(20%、40%、60%)的改性赤泥(pH为5.0±0.2和7.0±0.2)、改性镁橄榄石(pH=7.0±0.2)以及硫酸镁对氮磷营养元素保存的影响.结果表明,以猪粪初始总氮含量的20%添加改性镁橄榄石(第17 d)和40%添加硫酸镁(第10 d)的保氮效果相近,并优于其他试验组.添加金属盐类的试验组的固磷效果均优于对照组,其中按20%添加pH=5的赤泥(第21 d)对TP的保存效果最佳,且其中正磷酸盐所占比例最小.