The prevalence of bacterial resistance in clinical, food, water and some environmental samples in Southwest Nigeria

The resistance pattern and mechanisms of bacterial isolates obtained from clinical origin, soil, industrial effluent, orange juice products and drinking water were studied using commonly used antibiotics. The microbial load of the water samples, industrial effluent and orange juice products were 1.0 × 10¹–2.25 × 10⁶, 2.15 × 10⁵, and 3.5 × 10⁴–2.15 × 10⁵ cfu mL^–1, respectively. The faecal coliform test revealed that only two out of twenty orange juice products had MPN of 2 and 20, the MPN of water ranged from 1–1800, while the effluent had MPN of 1800. The bacterial isolates that were isolated include E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, S. marcescens, S. pyogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Micrococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp. Also, clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa were used in the study. Among the eight antibiotics tested for resistance on five strains of each bacterium, seven different resistance patterns were observed among the bacterial isolates obtained from water, effluent and orange juice products. Among the clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa, four multiple-drug resistance patterns were obtained. Thirty strains of E. coli and S. aureus were tested for -lactamase production and fourteen strains, seven each of E. coli and S. aureus that had high Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values (MIC) for both Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin were positive.     

Bacteriological Purification of the Finnish River Kymi

With its total drainage basin of 37 107 km2 and mean annual discharge of 307 m3 s-1, the River Kymi is one of the largest in Finland. Presently it receives treated domestic wastewaters of about 160 000 inhabitants through eight treatment plants and treated industrial effluents from four paper mills, two cardboard mills and one pulp mill. In the 1960s all the wastewaters were discharged untreated to the river. However, the construction of domestic wastewater treatment plants began in the 1970s and mechanical wastewater treatment became common in industry. By the end of the 1980s practically all the wastewaters discharged to the river were treated in activated sludge processes. The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of wastewater purification on the bacteriological quality of the river during these three decades. The bacteriological quality of the river was evaluated on the basis of annual medians of fecal streptococci (FS) calculated for 15 sites on the basis of 4804 FS enumerations from the years 1964-1992. The results show that the bacteriological quality improved steadily as the number of treatment plants increased and wastewater treatment became more effective. In the beginning of the 1960s the annual FS medians in the central part of the river were typically 1000-1500 CFU/100 ml, whereas in the 1990s they had decreased to 30-40 CFU/100 ml (CFU = colony forming units). The results indicate that FS input to the river was mainly of domestic origin.     

INTEGRATED PLANNING OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION1

ABSTRACT: Development schemes to improve the health of the rural populace through prevention of the transmission of communicable diseases should be considered in the context of some kind of “Sanitation Package” to ensure effectiveness. The general practice of concentrating resources on limited objectives, like water quality improvement, is shown to be less effective than allocating the same resources to multi-objectives defined in the Sanitation package. Systems Dynamic Modeling based on the DYNAMO II language, is presented as a capable tool for sanitation systems planning.     

A LONG‐TERM,WATERSHED‐SCALE,EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ANIMAL WASTE BMPs ON INDICATOR BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Driven by increasing concerns about bacterial pollution from agricultural sources, states such as Virginia have initiated cost sharing programs that encourage the use of animal waste best management practices (BMPs) to control this pollution. Although a few studies have shown that waste management BMPs are effective at the field scale, their effectiveness at the watershed scale and over the long term is unknown. The focus of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs in reducing bacterial pollution at the watershed scale and over the long term. To accomplish this goal, a 1,163 ha watershed located in the Piedmont region of Virginia was monitored over a ten‐year period. Fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) were measured as indicators of bacterial pollution. A pre‐BMP versus post‐BMP design was adopted. Major BMPs implemented were manure storage facilities, stream fencing, water troughs, and nutrient management. Seasonal Kendall trend analysis revealed a significant decreasing trend during the post‐BMP period for FC concentrations at the watershed outlet, but not at the subwatershed level. Implementation of BMPs also resulted in a significant reduction in the geometric mean of FS concentrations. FC concentrations in streamflow at the watershed outlet exceeded the Virginia primary standard 86 and 74 percent of the time during pre‐BMP and post‐BMP periods, respectively. Corresponding exceedances for the secondary standard were 50 and 41 percent. Violations decreased only slightly during the post‐BMP period. The findings of this study suggest that although BMP implementation can be expected to accomplish some improvement in water quality, BMP implementation alone may not ensure compliance with current water quality standards.     

五管发酵测定粪大肠菌群的研究

通过实验摸索出粪大肠菌群的一种五管发酵法。该方法检测下限为9个/L,适用于地表水和废水中粪大肠菌群的测定。     

Drinking water quality at Isoko North communities of the Niger Delta Region,Nigeria

Groundwater samples from boreholes and open-hand-dug wells of six communities in the Isoko North Local Government Area of Nigeria were analyzed in respect to physicochemical factors, biological factors, and the metals Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ba, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe for eight consecutive months to give mean values for the wet (July to October 2010) and the dry seasons (November 2010 to February 2011) for each location. The physicochemical parameters complied with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, except for the pH being lower and the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Ba, being higher than the permissible limits of WHO. Total coliform counts indicated bacterial contaminations, especially in one location. The presence of Pb in the drinking water of all communities seemed to be associated with oil exploration and processing activities.     

扫频脉冲电磁场对污水的杀菌性能

将直流脉冲与变频扫频技术相结合开发研制出扫频直流脉冲装置,利用其产生的脉冲电磁场对生活污水进行了电磁杀菌试验研究,探讨了影响杀菌效果的相关因素.试验结果表明,在扫频范围400Hz～60kHz、输出功率20W、电流1～2A条件下,脉冲电磁场对生活污水具有一定的灭菌作用,其杀菌性能随作用时间、pH值、温度、原水菌数的升高而升高.当温度为25℃,pH为7.47时,原水经电磁处理4h后,细菌总数从7.2×10⁶个·mL^-1下降到2.2×10⁴个·mL^-1,去除率为99.7%;大肠杆菌数从9.2×10⁵个·mL^-1下降到3.5×10⁴个·mL^-1,去除率为96.2%.     

快速测定水中大肠菌群的方法研究

水质常规监测中,大肠菌群的检测采用的是传统的多管发酵法,由于传统方法费时费力,在水样多及时间紧的情况下,越来越不能满足实际监测的需要,本研究工作旨在建立一种快速检测的新方法,即在初发酵管中加入一定浓度的革兰氏阳性菌抑菌剂和显色剂,直接依据产酸产气及溶液颜色的变化,推算出水样中大肠菌群的含量。通过大量对比实验,最终完成了革兰氏阳性菌抑菌剂种类、浓度和显色剂浓度的确定工作,并用所购菌种进行了对比实验,结果证明,该方法准确性较好,与传统的多管发酵法进行比对,两种方法所测结果经统计学检验无显著性差异。     

两种方法检测水中粪大肠菌群的比较

采用多管发酵法、酶底物法两种方法同时检测水中粪大肠菌群,结果表明:与传统的多管发酵法相比,两者无显著性差异,但是酶底物法具有具有操作简便,检测时间较短,特异性高,准确度高等优点,是目前比较先进的方法。     

Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as a Source of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Freshwater Systems1

Habersack, Mathew J., Theo A. Dillaha, and Charles Hagedorn, 2011. Common Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as a Source of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Freshwater Systems. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1255–1260. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00572.x Abstract: The United States Total Maximum Daily Load program is required by Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act to clean up waters that do not meet state water quality standards. While conducting research into the bacterial composition of semiaquatic mammal feces, the opportunity presented itself to quantify commonly used pathogen indicator bacteria in the gastrointestinal contents from an ectothermic (cold‐blooded) animal, the common snapping turtle. Indicator bacteria concentrations were on the order of 10⁶ CFU/g feces (dry weight basis). The estimated bacterial loadings from this study demonstrate that the common snapping turtle, if present in sufficient numbers, may contribute significant bacterial loadings to waterways and should be considered when developing bacterial Total Maximum Daily Loads and in other bacterial water quality assessments.