气流清扫的超音速喷管气动设计及其性能的对比分析

目的 提出使用拉瓦尔喷管产生高速气流清扫固体表面附着的水膜。方法 设计中心轴对称锥形喷管(Taper-A)、中心轴对称Sivell法喷管(Sivell-A)、中心轴对称短化喷管(MLN-A)和二维锥形型线喷管(Taper-2D),建立包括外流场的LES数值仿真模型,并进行仿真,分析研究外流场结构,并基于韦伯数判据,分析超音速喷管的清扫性能。结果 喷管短化设计方法可以将喷管长度缩短50%。外流场速度呈波动衰减趋势,特征线法喷管的气流膨胀更充分。缩短喷管长度会减小内流场的附面层厚度,因此MLN-A在速度波动中的能量耗散较少;喷管过长也会降低清扫性能,MLN-A和Taper-2D在xL>2区域的最大等效水膜厚度小于0.2 μm,但MLN-A有效清扫面积比Taper-A的喷管提高15%以上,清扫性能最优。结论 喷管短化设计方法可以有效缩短喷管。喷管结构对清扫性能影响较大。MLN-A喷管的清扫性能最优。     

Revealing photon transmission in an ultraviolet reactor: Advanced approaches for measuring fluence rate distribution in water for model validation

Fluence rate (FR) distribution (optical field) is of great significance in the optimal design of ultraviolet (UV) reactors for disinfection or oxidation processes in water treatment. Since the 1970s, various simulation models have been developed, which can be combined with computational fluidic dynamic software to calculate the fluence delivered in a UV reactor. These models strive for experimental validation and further improvement, which is a major challenge for UV technology in water treatment. Herein, a review of the simulation models of the FR distribution in a UV reactor and the applications of the current main experimental measurement approaches including conventional flat-type UV detector, spherical actinometer, and micro-fluorescent silica detector (MFSD), is presented. Moreover, FR distributions in a UV reactor are compared between various simulation models and MFSD measurements. In addition, the main influential factors on the FR distribution, including inner-wall reflection, refraction and shadowing effects of adjacent lamps, and turbidity effect are discussed, which is helpful for improving the accuracy of the simulation models and avoiding dark regions in the reactor design. This paper provides an overview on the simulation models and measurement approaches for the FR distribution, which is helpful for the model selection in fluence calculations and gives high confidence on the optimal design of UV reactors in regard to present methods.     

中国稻田土壤镉污染及务农性暴露概率风险

为了解中国稻田土壤镉污染时空变异特征及其务农性接触的健康风险,对1991~2017年发表的205篇有关稻田土壤镉调查文献进行系统回顾,并采用USEPA推荐的健康风险评估概率模型对健康风险进行评估.结果表明,全国稻田土壤镉平均浓度[（0.54±1.38）mg/kg]显著高于全国表层土壤镉背景值（0.097mg/kg）.虽未见显著的时间变异（β=-0.002,95%置信区间：-0.025~0.022）,但不同地区和不同人为扰动下的稻田土壤镉浓度存在较大异质性：华南[（0.88±1.59）mg/kg]>西南[（0.46±0.85）mg/kg]>华东[（0.44±1.45）mg/kg]>华北[（0.36±1.05）mg/kg]>东北[（0.35±0.83）mg/kg]>西北[（0.01±0.05）mg/kg]和矿冶[（1.77±2.18）mg/kg]>其他工业活动[（0.64±1.22）mg/kg]>电子垃圾拆解[（0.59±0.87）mg/kg]>污灌[（0.57±1.26）mg/kg]>交通[（0.56±0.86）mg/kg]>常规稻田[（0.25±0.34）mg/kg].除西北地区外,各地区稻田土壤镉浓度均出现不同程度的超标现象,尤其华南地区34%条土壤镉浓度数据超过农用地土壤镉污染风险管制值（1.5mg/kg）.土壤镉务农性接触的非致癌风险（HQ<<1）处于可接受水平,其中皮肤接触是主要途径,女性是务农性土壤镉暴露的高风险人群,华南和西南地区是务农性土壤镉暴露的高风险地区.     

富炭硅肥对水稻土铁还原菌群落特征的影响

为了探究富炭硅肥施加处理对稻田土壤铁还原菌相对丰度、多样性及群落结构的影响,以福州平原稻田为研究对象,分别设置对照组及3种不同剂量（300,600和900kg/hm²）富炭硅肥施加处理组.研究结果表明：施加富炭硅肥有助于土壤铁还原菌的生长和繁殖,其中600kg/hm²施加处理对铁还原菌的生长影响最为显著（P<0.05）.由Shannon指数可知,3种施加处理均使晚稻拔节期土壤铁还原菌多样性有所下降,以300kg/hm²施加处理组多样性指数降低最为明显,较对照组降低了29.4%.在早、晚稻拔节期土壤中共鉴定出5个菌门,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的占比之和平均高达95%以上,是稻田土壤中的优势菌门.施加富炭硅肥后,早稻拔节期土壤中拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）的相对丰度显著提高（P<0.05）,而厌氧粘细菌属（Anaeromyxobacter）的相对丰度则有所降低.此外,环境因子与稻田土壤铁还原菌的相对丰度具有相关性,Desulfovibrio的相对丰度与土壤pH值呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,Anaeromyxobacter的相对丰度与土壤温度（ST）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）.     

基于摩擦纳米发电机的微塑料实时检测实验研究

采用基于自供电的摩擦纳米发电机(TENG)技术,设计开发了一种利用间断液柱检测水样内微塑料颗粒尺寸和丰度的实时快速检测方法和装置,并通过实验测试完成了对微塑料的尺寸形貌表征和化学元素组成的实时高效检测.研究发现,去离子水中加入微塑料颗粒时,溶液中zeta电位降低,改变了管壁表面的极化电场方向;随着水溶液中微塑料颗粒直径或丰度的增加,开路电压呈现减小趋势,50μm时减小了43.1%,0.250%浓度时减小了79.6%;微塑料颗粒对自来水的开路电压影响显著,以10μm微塑料颗粒为例,开路电压减小了20%,证明了TENG技术对海洋微塑料检测的可行性.     

精密离心机静态半径测量不确定度的温度特性分析

目的研究温度对精密离心机静态半径测量不确定度的影响。方法以静态半径测量反算法为基础,推导静态半径测量不确定度的温度特性模型,设计精密恒温装置,并进行试验,获取加速度计在1 g离心机场下不同温度时的输出数据,并进行分析。结果基于温度特性模型,确定了影响静态半径测量不确定度的主要因素。试验数据结果表明,在加速度计工作范围内(50~60℃),静态半径测量不确定度随温度递增呈现“先增后减”的分布规律,且在50℃时进入到了10‒7量级。结论加速度计的温度敏感性是影响静态半径测量不确定度的最主要因素,精密控温能显著提高静态半径测量精度。     

水下枪炮发射问题研究综述

首先介绍了水下枪炮类武器发射问题的研究意义,并对其军事需求进行了分析。之后对常见的水下枪炮发射方式进行了介绍,并简述了各自的发展历程。总结了目前对水下发射问题内弹道的研究进展,结合水下枪炮发射问题自身特点,阐述了燃气射流的形成机理以及相关研究的发展过程,比较性地总结了空气中枪炮发射膛口流场与水下枪炮发射膛口流场的研究进展及对应典型波系结构。最后,对水下枪炮发射领域仍存在的科学问题以及未来发展趋势作出了展望。     

Effectiveness of the policy of circular economy in China: A DEA-based analysis for the period of 11th five-year-plan

As a policy instrument for sustainable development, nationwide circular economy (CE) mode has been implemented for 7 years by the Chinese government, to overcome the dilemma among economic depression, energy shortage and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, few literatures contribute to checking the efficiency of regional CE and exploring the potential reasons in China, which will be practically helpful in guiding China's future development and providing reference for other developing countries that will adopt CE mode. Therefore, this paper puts forward the method of super-efficiency DEA window analysis to dynamically evaluate CE efficiency of 30 regions in China covering the period of 2005–2010. In line with the features of CE, the specific efficiency of three sub-systems, namely resource saving and pollutant reducing (RSPR) sub-system, waste reusing and resource recycling (WRRR) sub-system and pollution controlling and waste disposing (PCWD) sub-system, was assessed and compared regarding time series trend and spatial distribution, based on which, the comprehensive CE efficiency was totally ranked. The results show that, on the one hand, during the period of 2005–2010, Chinese CE efficiency slightly increased, implying a significant policy effect of CE; on the other hand, the efficiency of different sub-systems varies, with RSPR sub-system the lowest, and WRRR and PCWD sub-systems relatively higher. In terms of regional distribution, the efficiency of RSPR sub-system in the east area dominates during the whole period. However, for the other two sub-systems, from 2005 to 2007, the efficiency scores of the east fluctuate, then after 2007, the east area became more efficient than the central and the west areas. Throughout the study period, the RSPR sub-system in the central area stably maintains low efficiency, and so does the WRRR sub-system in the west area. The difference in regional efficiency of three sub-systems reflects the difficulty of carrying out CE policy in China comprehensively, which means that, promoting the adaptability of regional policy for local government and enhancing the coordination among various policies for China's central government are the key concerns for realizing sustainable development.     

亚热带稻区大气NO2、HNO3及硝态氮污染特征及干湿沉降

二氧化氮(NO_2)和硝酸(HNO_3)是大气中的酸性含氮污染气体,是形成气溶胶和雨水硝态氮的重要前体物质,在高强度的大气氮氧化物排放下,我国亚热带稻区农业生态系统大气NO_2、HNO_3气体及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮污染特征及其干湿沉降量尚不清楚.本研究选取我国亚热带丘陵区一个典型双季稻区,对大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、气溶胶和雨水硝态氮浓度及相关气象因子进行了同步监测,旨在明确大气NO_2-N、HNO_3-N及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮浓度特征及其影响因素,并定量其干湿沉降量.结果表明,大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、大气颗粒物PM_(10)中NO_3~--N_p、雨水中NO_3~--N_r年均浓度分别为4.2μg·m~(-3)、0.7μg·m~(-3)、4.0μg·m~(-3)和1.0 mg·L~(-1),年氮沉降量分别为1.5、3.2、2.3和6.1 kg·hm~(-2).NO_2-N浓度与气温呈负相关;HNO_3-N浓度与风速呈负相关;NO_3~--N_p浓度与气温呈负相关,与NO_2-N浓度呈正相关,与HNO_3-N浓度未显著相关,表明NO_2-N浓度在本研究区域是形成NO_3~--N_p污染的重要限制因子;NO_3~--N_r浓度与降雨量呈负相关,与HNO_3-N浓度和NO_3~--N_p浓度呈正相关.本研究区域大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、NO_3~--N_p及雨水NO_3~--N_r年总干湿沉降量为13.0 kg·hm~(-2),是稻田重要的氮素来源,对稻田及周边生态系统的影响不容忽视.     

三峡库区小流域稻田空间格局对氮磷流失影响

选取三峡库区涪陵段封闭性较好的王家沟小流域,分别利用2014~2015年采集的3个稻田坡面12次自然降雨地表径流样品和2次自然降雨过程地表径流样品以及2010、2015年两个子流域日径流样品,对比分析坡面稻田空间格局差异和子流域稻田空间格局变化对地表径流氮磷流失浓度影响.结果表明,坡底布设的稻田对TN、NO_3~--N和TP去除率高于坡腰,坡底稻田田块越大TP去除效果越好;次降雨过程中,3种空间格局稻田TN、NO_3~--N和TP流失浓度在大雨事件降雨前期差异最明显,而中雨事件则为降雨后期;与2010年相比,2015年两个子流域稻田空间格局变化削弱了稻田对子流域氮磷流失拦截净化能力,主要表现为小到中雨事件和基流时期TN流失浓度明显升高,中到大雨事件TP流失浓度极易呈现跳跃性浮动.因此,合理增加流域稻田数量,优化稻田空间格局是三峡库区农业面源污染控制的有效措施.