Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.     

微生物诱导微细粒硫化矿的絮凝浮选工艺研究

从湖南有色金属研究院采集的硫化金属矿渣中筛选出氧化亚铁硫杆菌,并将其应用于微细粒硫化矿的絮凝浮选实验研究。借助动电测定、微生物电镜观察研究了T.f菌与微细粒硫化矿在絮凝浮选实验中的作用形态。Zeta电位测定和微生物电镜观察结果表明,T.f菌在微细粒硫化矿表面形成了特效吸附;絮凝浮选数据表明,T.f菌作用后的微细粒硫化矿,Zn的品位提高到34%,回收率达到68.56%。这一研究为微细粒矿物废渣的资源回收提供了一条新的工艺路线。     

Heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on soils under variable temperature and relative humidity conditions

Heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on soils collected from Dalian (S1) and Changsha (S2) were investigated over the relative humidity (RH) range of 5%-80% and temperature range of 278-328 K using a horizontal coated-wall flow tube. The initial uptake coefficients of NO₂ on S2 exhibited a decreasing trend from (10 ± 1.3) × 10^-8 to (3.1 ± 0.5) × 10^-8 with the relative humidity increasing from 5% to 80%. In the temperature effect studies, the initial uptake coefficients of S1 and S2 decreased from (10 ± 1.2) × 10^-8 to (3.8 ± 0.5) × 10^-8 and from (16 ± 2.2) × 10^-8 to (3.8 ± 0.4) × 10^-8 when temperature increased from 278 to 288 K for S1 and from 278 to 308 K for S2, respectively. As the temperature continued to increase, the initial uptake coefficients of S1 and S2 returned to (7.9 ± 1.1) × 10^-8 and (20 ± 3.1) × 10^-8 at 313 and 328 K, respectively. This study shows that relative humidity could influence the uptake kinetics of NO₂ on soil and temperature would impact the heterogeneous chemistry of NO₂.     

1~3 nm颗粒物在粒径分布测量仪中的通过效率研究

基于二甘醇的扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(DEG-SMPS)是常用的1～3 nm颗粒物粒径分布测量系统.目前对1～3 nm颗粒物在该系统中通过效率的量化不够准确,这给大气颗粒物粒径分布的测量带来了较大的不确定性.本文研究了1～3 nm颗粒物和离子在直管、弯管以及气溶胶中和器等系统组件中的通过效率,并使用等效管长法来量化颗粒物在这些组件单元中的通过效率.研究表明,1～3 nm颗粒物在直管内的通过效率不受颗粒物电性影响,且可以由Gormley-Kennedy (G-K)方程估算.当采样流量为2.5 L·min~(-1)时,DEG-SMPS系统中总等效管长约为433 cm,其中气溶胶中和器的等效管长为160 cm,弯头的等效管长为33 cm.     

Size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a South China coastal city

Aerosol samples were collected in summer in Macao,a coastal city of the Pearl River Delta Region in China.Morphology,size,elemental composition,and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive X-ray(SEM/EDX) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Based on the morphologies of 5711 aerosol particles,they consist of soot(32%),mineral(17%),secondary(22%),and unknown fine particles(29%).The sizes of these particles were mostly distributed between 0.1 and 0.4 μm.Compositions of 202 mineral particles were obtained by SEM/EDX.Mineral particles were mainly classified into three types:Si-rich,Ca-rich,and Na-rich.The compositions of typical mineral particles can indicate their sources in sampling location.For example,mineral particles,collected along the main street,were associated with trace amounts of heavy metals,such as Zn,Ti,Mn,Ba,Pb,and As.TEM observations indicate that most Na-rich particles were aged sea salt particles(e.g.,Na2SO4 and NaNO3) which formed through heterogeneous chemical reactions between sea salt and acidic gases.Additionally,aging time of soot was short in Macao due to high humidity,high temperature,and high levels of sunlight in Macao.Most of soot and fine mineral dust particles were internally mixed with secondary particles.     

北京市大气小颗粒物的污染源解析

１９９２年１１月至１９９３年２月在北京市５个采样点采集了大气小颗粒物样品和总悬浮颗粒物样品，并采用等离子体发射光谱分析小颗粒物的化学成分，半春结果应用于化学质量平衡法解析污染源，主要结果，秋季各污染源的贡献率：尘土为１５．９％，燃煤为２８．３％，燃油为５４．１％，钢铁工业为１．５６％：冬季科污染的贡献率：尘土为１９．２％，燃煤为３７．７％〈燃油为４２．６％，钢铁工业为０．３％。     

基于细微粒子污染的灰霾判定方法的研究

本文从细微粒子污染导致灰霾形成的角度出发,首先开展了灰霾监测实验,并对实验数据进行频数和描述性分析,研究了以PM10为主的细微粒子污染与灰霾的影响关系。确定了以PM10日平均浓度为灰霾目的判定依据,并根据中国大陆PM10污染指数的分级标准建立了灰霾等级指数,从而形成了一套根据PM10日平均浓度来确定不同等级的灰霾发生概率的方法,为灰霾预测及灰霾治理提供一定的理论依据。     

北京市大气气溶胶PM2.5中极性有机化合物的测定

提出了用GC-MS分析大气细粒子中极性有机化合物的测定方法,给出了2类衍生化反应的最佳条件.标准物质工作曲线相关系数在0.995～1.000之间,仪器精密度为1%～10%,标准物质的标准偏差为3%～20%,实际样品的标准偏差为3%～17%,仪器定量限为0.1～4.0 ng·μL^-1.实测了北京市夏、秋、冬3季大气细粒子样品,定量极性有机化合物42种,其中一元羧酸30种、二元羧酸5种、无水单糖3种、甾醇类3种和苯甲酸,并对这些化合物的可能来源进行了探讨.     

四川盆地PM2.5浓度时空变化特征遥感监测与影响因子分析

四川盆地因其独特的地形地貌、静风和高湿等气象条件,导致盆地内部大气污染物扩散难度大,随着城市化与工业化进程加快,区内PM_2.5污染日益加重,四川盆地已成为国家大气污染防治的重点地区之一.基于PM_2.5浓度遥感反演产品,采用空间自相关分析与灰色关联分析方法,研究了四川盆地PM_2.5浓度的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,四川盆地PM_2.5浓度具有显著的空间聚集性,高-高聚集类型分布集中,低-低聚集类型分布较为分散;针叶林对PM_2.5的吸收抑制作用明显高于灌丛和草地等其他植被类型.研究认为,影响四川盆地PM_2.5浓度的主要气象因子是风速和气温,人口密度与经济规模则是影响四川盆地PM_2.5浓度的主要人类活动因子,产业结构及其规模变化对四川盆地PM_2.5浓度也产生一定影响.     

大气细粒子的快速捕集及化学成分在线分析方法研究

本文介绍了一种新型的大气细粒子快速捕集及其化学成分在线分析方法。该方法中大气细粒子与过饱和水蒸气绝热混和而增长成大粒子 ,并在气流的带动下惯性撞击到一垂直玻璃板上 ,一含有内标物的去离子水流自上而下将撞击到玻璃板上的粒子收集 ,收集液被直接输送到离子色谱、总有机碳分析仪 ,在线分析其中的化学成分。该方法每 12min可完成单个样品分析 ,每小时可连续采集分析 5个样品。离子色谱最低检测限约为 0 .0 5 μg/m3(NH+4 )到 0 .2 0 μg/m3(SO2 -4 ) ,不确定度约为 3 % ,TOC最低检测限为 5× 10 -5μg/m3,不确定度约为 3 %。真实的大气细粒子观测结果表明 ,该方法快速、简捷、灵敏度高 ,是实时监测大气中细粒子化学成分的有效工具