旋风除尘器流场及浓度场实验与模拟

在研究旋风除尘器内气固两相的运动状况及分离机理方面,计算机模拟替代部分实验的方法能够优化设计旋风除尘器结构参数,提高其对微细颗粒的捕集效率,减少运行压力损失。本研究采用RSM模型和随机轨道模型对旋风除尘器内流场及浓度场进行模拟及实验。研究表明,旋风除尘器压力损失模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,对于大于5μm的颗粒其捕集效率模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合;旋风除尘器外壁的颗粒浓度呈螺旋带状分布;如将排气管管径减少至原直径0.8倍,可使其对2μm颗粒捕集效率提高6.6%,但压力损失提高36.5%;颗粒的凝并作用有利于提高旋风除尘器微细颗粒的捕集效率。     

掘进巷道瓦斯分布数值实验研究

根据局部通风流场特点确定适合矿井局部通风掘进巷道工作面瓦斯与风流质量交换的数学模型,在近壁面使用标准壁面函数法解决近壁面的流动,在湍流充分发展区,使用RNG k-ε双方程湍流模型;讨论考虑巷道支护的情况下壁面粗糙度的影响,确定矿井掘进工作面局部通风模型网格划分的方法、掘进头瓦斯涌出的边界条件;利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对掘进工作面的风流与瓦斯的混合过程进行了模拟;得出不同瓦斯涌出量情况下掘进巷道工作面风流分布和瓦斯浓度的分布规律。研究表明:瓦斯涌出量和风速对流场分布有影响,随着瓦斯涌出量的增大和风速的降低,瓦斯对流场的影响越来越明显。     

Contribution of In‐Channel Processes to Sediment Yield of an Urbanizing Watershed1

Abstract: A study was conducted between September 2003 and September 2006 to obtain baseline sediment inventories and monitor sediment transport and storage along a 3.7 km length of the channel of Valley Creek within Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania. Valley Creek is a tributary of the Schuylkill River and drains an urbanizing 60.6 km² watershed that currently has 18% impervious land cover. Numerous field methods were employed to measure the suspended sediment yield, longitudinal profile, cross‐sections, banklines, and particle size distribution of the streambed. Suspended sediment yield for the watershed was measured at a USGS gage located just upstream of the park boundary between July 2004 and July 2005, the period corresponding to field surveys of bank erosion and channel change. The estimated suspended sediment yield of 95.7 t/km²/year is representative of a year with unusually high discharge, including a storm event that produced a peak of 78 m³/s, the second highest discharge on record for the USGS gage. Based on the median annual streamflow for the 24 years of record at the USGS gage from 1983 to 2006, the median annual sediment yield is estimated to be closer to 34 t/km²/year, considerably lower than median and mean values for other sites within the region. The mass of silt, clay, and fine sand derived from bank erosion along the 3.7 km study reach during the field survey period accounts for an estimated 2,340 t, equivalent to about 43% of the suspended sediment load. The mass of fine sediment stored in the bed along the study reach was estimated at 1,500 t, with about 330 t of net erosion during the study period. Although bank erosion appears to be a potentially dominant source of sediment by comparison with annual suspended sediment load, bed sediment storage and potential for remobilization is of the same order of magnitude as the mass of sediment derived from bank erosion.     

光磁耦合废水处理工艺条件的优化研究

以Fe3O4/TiO2作为磁性光催化剂,采用光磁耦合技术处理模拟印染废水。利用统计学方法对光磁耦合废水处理的影响因素进行了探讨和分析,考察了磁场强度、磁性光催化剂投加量、pH值和光照时间对光磁耦合废水处理的影响。通过Design-Expert 7.0.0软件分析得到最佳工艺条件:磁场强度73.95 mT,磁性光催化剂投加量1.13 g/L,模拟废水pH值13,光照时间120 min。在最佳工艺条件下进行实验,脱色率为88.60%。     

内电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝沉淀预处理焦化废水

采用内电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝沉淀的化学集成技术预处理焦化废水,优化了各工段的运行参数。实验结果表明：在钢铁铁屑与活性炭的体积比为1∶1的条件下,内电解工段的优化参数为进水pH 2.6~3.1、HRT=1.0 h;Fenton氧化工段的优化参数为Fe2+加入量200 mg/L、H2O2加入量1 000 mg/L、进水pH 3.0左右、反应时间1.0 h;絮凝沉淀工段的设定参数为进水pH 9.5~10.0、聚丙烯酰胺加入量1 mg/L、静置沉降0.5 h。在上述工艺条件下,该集成技术对废水的总COD去除率大于55%,处理后的废水BOD5/COD大于0.28,不添加稀释新水即可进入后续生化处理系统。该工艺占地面积小、系统结构简单、易于工业化,废水预处理成本为4~5元/t。     

Alternative soil quality indices for evaluating the effect of intensive cropping, fertilisation and manuring for 31 years in the semi-arid soils of India

Soil quality assessment provides a tool for evaluating the sustainability of alternative soil management practices. Our objective was to develop the most sensitive soil quality index for evaluating fertilizer, farm yard manure (FYM), and crop management practices on a semiarid Inceptisol in India. Soil indicators and crop yield data from a long-term (31 years) fertilizer, manure, and crop rotation (maize, wheat, cowpea, pearl millet) study at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) near New Delhi were used. Plots receiving optimum NPK, super optimum NPK and optimum NPK + FYM had better values for all the parameters analyzed. Biological, chemical, and physical soil quality indicator data were transformed into scores (0 to 1) using both linear and non-linear scoring functions, and combined into soil quality indices using unscreened transformations, regression equation, or principal component analysis (PCA). Long-term application of optimum inorganic fertilizers (NPK) resulted in higher soil quality ratings for all methods, although the highest values were obtained for treatment, which included FYM. Correlations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and the various soil quality indices showed the best relationship (highest r) between yield and a PCA-derived SQI. Differences in SQI values suggest that the control (no NPK, no manure) and N only treatments were degrading, while soils receiving animal manure (FYM) or super optimum NPK fertilizer had the best soil quality, respectively. Lower ratings associated with the N only and NP treatments suggest that one of the most common soil management practices in India may not be sustainable. A framework for soil quality assessment is proposed.     

方法标准验证实验数据中离群值的识别

对方法标准验证实验中测量数据进行合格性审核,对于后续方法精密度计算是一个重要环节。文献中识别离群值的Grubbs法、Dixon法等经典方法有时不能满足要求。探讨了用稳健统计法识别离群值的可行性。基于2套文献数据和XRF方法标准验证实验精密度测量数据,对Grubbs法、Dixon法、Mandel h检验法、质控指标法和稳健统计法(四分位法、迭代法、合格数据范围判定法)进行了比较。结果表明:稳健统计法可有效识别离群值。但四分位法存在过度"检出"现象。综合考虑多种方法识别结果有利于提高离群值判定结论的可靠性。对于个别难以判断的情形,可借助质控指标、技术要求以及数据是否剔除对实验室间标准偏差的影响进行取舍。     

Fenton氧化-絮凝耦合去除水中As(Ⅲ)的机理

为了改善亚铁(Fe(Ⅱ))絮凝去除水中As(Ⅲ)的效果,对Fe(Ⅱ)/H2O2(Fenton试剂)氧化-絮凝耦合工艺进行了研究。以5 mg/L的As(Ⅲ)模拟废水为处理对象,对比了Fenton氧化-絮凝耦合处理As(Ⅲ)和单一Fe(Ⅱ)絮凝的效果。结果表明:单一絮凝对总砷的去除率只有60%左右,而氧化-絮凝耦合的去除率可达99.3%;氧化-絮凝耦合产生的絮体粒度约为单一絮凝的3倍,明显增强了絮凝沉降性能。SEM、XRD、BET测试结果表明:Fenton氧化-絮凝耦合去除水中As(Ⅲ)产生的絮体初级粒子是一种无定形纳米颗粒;氧化-絮凝耦合反应产生的Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)混合态水解形成纳米胶体,对As(Ⅴ)的絮凝吸附优于As(Ⅲ)。氧化还原电位的测定表明As(Ⅲ)被迅速氧化为As(Ⅴ),且是一种原位氧化-絮凝反应过程。     

Emission and burnt smell characteristics from combustion experiments with defined materials

Typical burnt smell often results from fire accidents or in general from incomplete combustion. Recently, eleven compounds were identified, which are basically responsible for this odour. When analyzing residual materials from different fire accidents, the pattern that means the relative ratios of these compounds among each other varies strongly, although always causing a burnt smelling. Consequently, lab-scale combustion experiments were performed in order to investigate the influence of defined materials from domestic environment on the burnt-smell fingerprints. Furthermore, the occurrence of other polar and higher molecular combustion products was studied. It was found that under good combustion conditions, the burnt smell patterns resulting from the single materials were astonishingly consistent, mostly dominated by methylphenols or naphthalene. No correlation could be found between these ‘fingerprints’ and combustion product groups identified by GC/MS-screenings. LC/MS/MS-measurements especially pointed at the existence of higher molecular weight phenolic and acidic functionalized compounds in the combustion residues.     

类水滑石衍生复合氧化物催化水解羰基硫的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列的类水滑石衍生复合氧化物催化剂,利用正交实验设计对催化剂的制备条件进行了优化,研究了金属组合、合成pH、M2+/M3+、二价金属比、焙烧温度和晶化温度等6个因素对羰基硫催化水解过程中催化剂硫容的影响。结果表明,金属组合、二价金属比和焙烧温度的影响极其显著(p=99%),晶化温度的影响显著(p=95%),合成pH与M2+/M3+对催化剂活性影响不显著(p=90%)。在设定实验条件下,金属组合取Co-Ni-Al、合成pH为9,M2+/M3+为3,二价金属比1,焙烧温度取350℃,晶化温度50℃时制得的催化剂具有最高的催化活性。对最佳制备条件下得到的催化剂进行了重复性实验以及XRD表征,结果表明制备的催化剂的硫容为7.10 g硫/g催化剂,Co3O4可能是其活性中心。