有机微污染物在污水处理过程中的变化研究

多环芳烃等有毒有机微污染物对污水处理综合指标BOD、COD和TOC等的贡献极小,但危害却很大.采用固相萃取的前处理方法和GC/MS、GC/μECD的分析方法,针对北京市某污水处理厂的总泵进水、二沉出水以及混凝沉淀出水中有机氯农药、多环芳烃和酚类的浓度进行分析.研究结果表明,在不同处理工艺段中,有机氯农药、多环芳烃和酚类的质量浓度分别为nd～10、nd～835、nd～3 248 μg/L.所有检出化合物均未超出中国污水与地表水相应标准限值,其中多环芳烃和酚残留水平较高,应为重点监测对象.这些污染物多数能够在二级处理过程中得到有效去除,但混凝沉淀并没有显著地进一步去除效果.     

混凝土锈胀开裂的抑制措施

钢筋锈蚀是影响混凝土结构耐久性最重要的因素。钢筋锈胀体积膨胀,对周围混凝土产生压力,继而导致保护层的受拉开裂,出现锈胀裂缝,这对结构整体的安全性和耐久性十分有害。研究混凝土锈胀裂缝的抑制措施,对提高结构的耐久性具有重要意义。从结构构造入手,以快速通电加速纵向钢筋锈蚀的方法,研究了混凝土保护层厚度和箍筋间距对混凝土构件锈胀开裂的影响;同时通过计算机仿真,对试验构件进行了数值试验。在此基础上,建立了构件表面应力与混凝土保护层厚度及箍筋间距的相关关系,得到了不同保护层厚和箍筋间距对试件表面锈胀裂缝的影响规律。     

Numerical simulation of the sedimentation of cylindrical pollutant particles in fluid

The sedimentation of cylindrical pollutant particles which fall through a fluid is investigated. Differing from previous research work,particle oscillation and effect of particle on the fluid are considered, and the torque exerted on a particle when viscous fluid flow around a particle is got through experiment and included in the numerical simulation. The computational results showed that the sedimentation velocities of particle increase slowly with the increase of particle aspect ratio 9. For disk-like particle, when the motion direction of particle is parallel to axis of particle, particle falls more slowly than the case of perpendicular to axis of particle; while for rod-like particle, it is inverse. For sedimentation of a crowd of high-frequency oscillating cylindrical particles with arbitrary initial orientation, both vertical velocity and horizontal velocity oscillate dramatically, the degree of oscillation of the former is stronger than the later. A crowd of particles fall more quickly than an isolated particle. Particles tend to strongly align in the direction of gravity. The computational results agreed well with the experimental ones and helpful for controlling of pollutant particles.     

污水处理厂水质在线监测数据可靠性研究

水质在线自动监测系统近年已经开始应用于污水处理厂,在线监测数据的可靠性是污水处理厂推广和应用水质在线监测系统的前提和基础。以广州市某污水厂水质在线监测系统为研究对象,采用对比实验的方法并应用数理统计原理对实验结果进行分析,探讨水质在线监测系统数据的可靠性。经实验及结果分析,污水处理厂水质在线监测系统测得的数据真实可靠,可以用于对污水厂的监督和运行指导。     

交通来源颗粒物及其无机成分污染特征的研究

对谭裕沟隧道和梧桐山隧道TSP,PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度和主要无机成分的分析结果表明,交通来源颗粒物中细粒子主要来源于机车尾气排放,粒径较大的颗粒物则主要来源于机动车行驶载带的地面扬尘.      

工业现场中试实验低温催化脱除NO_x的实验研究

在实验室小试和中试实验温和条件下催化还原脱除NOx 研究的基础之上 ,对制备的贵金属催化剂在上海宝钢生产协力公司二氧化碳生产厂进行了工业放大催化还原脱除NOx 的实验研究。在温度为 16 0～ 30 0℃的宽温区内、进口NO浓度变化范围为 0 0 0 7%～ 0 0 8%、空速为 2 5 0 0h- 1 的条件下 ,经过连续 9d(2 0 0h)的实验研究 ,结果表明尾气NO和NH3 浓度均小于 0 0 0 1% ,工业放大实验结果完全与实验室小试和中试实验结果吻合 ,为工业应用这一技术奠定了基础     

地下污水管线泄漏原位自动监测模拟实验研究

地下污水管线的泄漏将会对土壤、地下水环境产生严重的影响.本研究建立一套基于高密度电阻率测量的地下污水管线泄漏原位自动监测装置,通过室内模拟实验,验证该装置在不同地下水水位条件下对地下污水管线泄漏进行实时监测的可行性.结果表明,当泄漏管线位于包气带中时,能够迅速监测到管线发生的小流量泄漏;当管线位于地下水水位附近,也能迅速监测到管线发生的小流量泄漏,而且通过管线以上土层电阻率的梯度变化,还可推测污染物泄漏的程度;当管线位于地下水位以下时,由于污染物在地下水中迅速的混合并扩散,只有当泄漏达到一定浓度,使电阻率产生能够观测到的变化,才能监测到泄漏发生.本研究所使用的装置能够对位于不同地下水位和埋深条件下的污水管线泄漏进行实时自动监测.     

长期施肥对旱地红壤及作物中砷累积的影响

以湖南祁阳农田生态系统国家野外试验站的土壤为研究对象,分析了长期施肥措施对砷在土壤及作物籽粒和秸秆中累积的影响.供试土壤选择了4个不同施肥处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和化肥有机肥配施（NPKM）.结果表明,与不施肥相比,长期（26 a）施肥措施（NPK、M和NPKM）均显著增加了红壤中总砷（As）和有效态砷含量,其中,NPK处理的红壤中砷含量超过国家标准值（40 mg·kg^-1）.长期施肥处理对非专性吸附态As影响最大,其次为残渣态As,晶型氧化物结合态As,但对专性吸附态As和无定型铁铝氧化物结合态As的影响较小.与CK、NPK、M处理相比,NPKM处理能显著降低土壤中As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）含量.此外,施用有机肥（猪粪）会导致玉米籽粒和秸秆中As的累积,而不会导致小麦籽粒和秸秆中的As累积.同步辐射红外显微成像和微束X射线荧光谱图显示了红壤样品中As、黏土矿物和有机官能团在微空间尺度上的高度异质性特征,表明As的有效性主要受铁氧化物和羟基碳的影响.     

Removal of arsenate and arsenite from aqueous solution by waste cast iron

The removal of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solution was investigated using waste cast iron, which is a byproduct of the iron casting process in foundries. Two types of waste cast iron were used in the experiment: grind precipitate dust (GPD) and cast iron shot (CIS). The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of Fe0 on GPD and CIS. Batch experiments were performed under different concentrations of As(III) and As(V) and at various initial pH levels. Results showed that waste cast iron was effective in the removal of arsenic. The adsorption isotherm study indicated that the Langmuir isotherm was better than the Freundlich isotherm at describing the experimental result. In the adsorption of both As(III) and As(V), the adsorption capacity of GPD was greater than CIS, mainly due to the fact that GPD had higher surface area and weight percent of Fe than CIS. Results also indicated the removal of As(III) and As(V) by GPD and CIS was influenced by the initial solution pH, generally decreasing with increasing pH from 3.0 to 10.5. In addition, both GPD and CIS were more effective at the removal of As(III) than As(V) under given experimental conditions. This study demonstrates that waste cast iron has potential as a reactive material to treat wastewater and groundwater containing arsenic.