Numerical and reduced-scale experimental investigation of blast wave shape in underground transportation infrastructure

When an explosion occurs in a tunnel, the study of the blast wave quickly becomes complicated, owing to the multiple propagation patterns of the blast wave (incident wave, regular and Mach reflections) and to the geometrical conditions. Considering this problem, two patterns can be revealed. Near the explosive, the well-known free-field pressure wave can be observed. After multiple reflections on the tunnel's walls, this overpressure behaves like a one-dimensional (1D) wave. One aim of this paper is to determine the position of this transition spherical-to-planar wave propagation in a tunnel using both numerical and reduced-scale experiments, and thereby validate the dedicated law established in a previous work.For this purpose, a detonation of TNT in a tunnel with a cross-section of up to 55 m² is considered. Results show good agreement between the numerical simulations and experiments. The transition zone between the three-dimensional (3D) and the 1D wave is well detected. An application to a simplified subway station is also investigated which shows that significant planar waves can be transmitted to the neighboring stations via the junction tunnels.     

瓦斯在石门揭构造软煤诱发煤与瓦斯突出中的作用

为了更好地认识和防治煤与瓦斯突出,利用扫描电子显微镜和静态液氮吸附仪研究一种构造软煤的微孔结构特征,同时利用自主搭建的大型石门揭煤相似模拟试验系统,研究石门揭露构造软煤过程中瓦斯压力的变化规律。在试验研究的基础上,分析构造软煤的微孔特性对瓦斯赋存的影响,以及瓦斯在石门揭露构造软煤诱发煤与瓦斯突出中的作用。通过试验得出:构造软煤的结构破坏严重,微孔发育并且为特殊瓶颈的不透气孔,为瓦斯的赋存提供了极为有利的条件;瓦斯在突出的启动和发展过程中起重要作用,即在瓦斯压力突然降低、释放膨胀潜能时,瓦斯压力作为动力来源,加速了煤体向采掘空间抛出的过程。     

地铁应急疏散恐慌程度模型研究

为研究地铁应急疏散情况下人员恐慌程度,建立地铁应急疏散恐慌程度模型。首先根据恐慌心理量表和调查问卷得到恐慌程度影响因素及其分类,并确定各影响因素权重值。在北京地铁军博站进行应急疏散模拟试验。根据试验数据修正模型中相关事故经历因素,得到地铁应急疏散恐慌程度最终优化模型。结果表明,地铁应急疏散恐慌程度受年龄、携带行李情况、接受安全教育程度、相关事故灾害经历等人员个体因素,以及人员密度、疏散环境复杂程度、事故灾害发生位置等环境因素影响。应急疏散恐慌程度模型计算结果和应急疏散模拟试验结果相近。     

煤岩动力灾害的氡监测技术初探

矿井开采深度和强度的逐年增加,致使深部煤与瓦斯突出等煤岩动力灾害变得更为严重,迫切需要有既行之有效又安全可靠的方法来对其进行预测预报.煤岩体的破裂过程伴随能量耗散及放射性核素氡析出,因此,检测氡的变化可以作为一种对煤岩动力灾害的预测方法.先介绍了我国煤矿井下氡的水平,分析了破裂煤岩氡析出异常机理,研究了煤岩放射性核素赋存的影响因素,再利用自主设计的循环式破裂煤岩氡析出测定试验系统,初步研究了煤岩块试样破坏前后的氡析出变化.结果表明,煤岩块试样在破坏前后,氡浓度出现异常变化,破坏后较完整的煤样氡气放射增加50％以上,破坏后较完整的岩样氡气放射增加1倍以上.这表明氡检测技术在煤矿动力灾害探测中具有较好的应用前景.     

碱性物质中和法在处理煤矿废水中的应用

在地下煤矿开采的地区，大都伴之有地下水排放。在面临全球性淡水缺乏的形势下，煤矿排放废水却作为污染源，日夜注入河床，致使环境保护部门为之大伤脑筋，而且各煤矿也为煤矿排放废水的治理，付出了很大的经济代价。因此如何解决煤矿排放废水达标排放的问题，使其能作为矿产资源和水资源得到再利用，解决即将到来的水荒危机就成为了本次论文讨论的重点。     

Pesticide transport via sub-surface drains in Europe

Transport of pesticides from point of application via sub-surface drains can contribute significantly to contamination of surface waters. Results of 23 field drainage experiments undertaken at sites across Europe were collated and analysed by residual maximum likelihood. Both maximum concentration of pesticide in drainflow (n = 167) and seasonal loss of pesticide to drains (n = 97) were significantly related to strength of pesticide sorption to soil, half-life of the pesticide in soil, the interval between application and first drainflow and the clay content of the soil. The statistical models accounted for 71% of the variability in both maximum concentration and seasonal load. Next, the dataset was used to evaluate the current methodology for assessment of aquatic exposure used in pesticide registration in Europe. Simulations for seven compounds with contrasting properties showed a good correspondence with field measurements. Finally, the review examines management approaches to reduce pesticide transport via sub-surface drains. Despite a large amount of work in this area, there are few dependable mitigation options other than to change application rate or timing or to restrict use of a compound in the most vulnerable situations.     

膜吸收法处理高氨氮废水的研究

对影响膜吸收过程的几个因素进行了正交实验和其他相关实验 ,结果表明 ,在一般情况下 ,废水中的pH为显著影响因素 ,而温度、废水流速和废水中氨氮浓度都不是显著影响因素 ;吸收液 (H2 SO4 )浓度在 0 .5mol/L以上时 ,传质系数K值变化很小。     

Why do snakes have eyes? The (non-)effect of blindness in island tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus)

Large (to >1 m), diurnally active tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) are abundant on Carnac Island, near the coast of Western Australia. Our behavioural and mark-recapture studies provide the first ecological data on this population, and reveal a surprising phenomenon. Many adult tiger snakes have had their eyes destroyed, apparently during nest defence, by silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae). This loss of vision did not reduce the snakes' body condition (mass relative to length), or their rates of growth or survival (measured over a 12-month period). Blind male snakes trail-followed females, and mated successfully. Thus, destruction of a major sensory modality had no detectable effect on these predators. This result is strongly counter-intuitive, but mirrors an earlier report of congenital blindness (without ill-effects) in American viperid snakes. Similarities between the two systems (island populations, highly venomous snakes, reliance on sessile prey) clarify the circumstances under which the loss of vision does not reduce an organism's viability. These natural experiments support Gans' hypothesis of “momentarily excessive construction” in that the snakes possess a complex organ system that they do not actually require for successful feeding, survival or reproduction. Received: 30 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 24 April 1999 / Accepted: 9 May 1999