PHYSICAL AND CONCEPTUAL SIMULATION OF EFFLUENTS FROM DREDGED MATERIAL CONFINEMENT FACILITIES1

ABSTRACT: Environmental protection dictates that effluents of desired quality should be dischargd from dredged material confinement facilities. In general, this can be accomplished by supplementing the solid-liquid separation obtained by simple sedimentation with appropriate filter systems which provide additional clarification. A methodology to estimate the sedimentation required in a disposal area was developed on the basis of classical sedimentation theories and compared favorably with field data. A procedure was then advanced and documented whereby effluents from dredged material confinement facilities can be successfully modeled for laboratory filtration tests. For these purposes inorganic suspended solids can be simulted reasonably well by adjusting the concentration of commercially available clays, and fresh or saline water environments can be simulated satisfactorily by tap water or sodium chloride solutions, respectively.     

FLUVIAL SEDIMENT STORAGE IN WETLANDS1

ABSTRACT: The important ecological and hydrological roles of wetlands are widely recognized, but the geomorphic functions of wetlands are also critical. Wetlands can be defined in geomorphic, as well as in hydrological or biological terms, and a geomorphic definition of wetlands is proposed. An analysis of fluvial sediment budget studies shows that wetlands typically serve as short-term sediment sinks or longer-term sediment storage sites. In ten study basins of various sizes, an estimated 14 to 58 percent of the total upland sediment production is stored in alluvial wetland or other aquatic environments. Of the sediment reaching streams, 29 to 93 percent is stored in alluvial wetland or channel environments. For basins of more than 100 km², more than 15 percent of total upland sediment production and more than 50 percent of sediment reaching streams is deposited in wetlands. The data underestimates the magnitude of wetland sediment storage due to the lack of data from large river systems. A theoretical analysis of river channel sediment delivery shows that wetland and aquatic sediment storage is inevitable in fluvial systems and systematically related to basin size. Results suggest that wetlands should be managed in the context of drainage basins, rather than as discrete, independent units.     

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON BASIN WATER YIELD AND RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION1

ABSTRACT: The dam impounding White Rock Lake was completed in 1910 to provide water for the City of Dallas. Since then, land use on the watershed has changed from entirely rural to over 77 percent urban. A model called SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins) was utilized to determine the effect of urbanization on water and sediment entering the lake. The simulation results show that, if urbanization had not occurred, then the annual surface runoff would be 135 mm rather than 151 mm and the annual sediment yield would be 4.4 t/ha rather than 4.1 t/ha. Also, the effect of urbanization on delivery ratios was shown and a positive linear correlation was found. Finally, the weather generator in SWRRB was utilized to estimate the loss of reservoir capacity until 2050 for three different land use management scenarios.     

SEDIMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GORGE-TYPE RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT. An investigation of the hydraulics of gorge-type reservoirs was conducted with scale models. Reservoir shapes were moulded within a large basin. Water was circulated using a centrifugal pump-motor unit and uniform sediment (specific gravity 2.65) with mean diameters of 0.20 mm and 0.60 mm were utilized. Observations were made to study sedimentation patterns from the commencement of sediment inflow until the final stage of a fully silted reservoir. In particular, the mode of deposition of the sediment beds, the mechanics of transportation and sediment bed slopes were investigated. These aspects of reservoir siltation were examined in relation to the factors which influence it, which included sediment characteristics and flow parameters. Bed slopes and flow depths were analyzed by various methods; the Kalinske equation in conjunction with the Manning and Einstein-Barbarossa relations as proposed by Doland-Chow produced the best results.     

山西省辛安泉氮污染预测实验拟合数学模型的研究

本文在环境水文地质地球化学调查的基础上，以相似论为依据，采用模拟实验方法，获取ＮＨ４在水－岩土体系中的运移规律，进而建立实验拟合模型，经检验修正，可初步用于污染预测，这种把ＮＨ４的力学迁移与地球化学的融为一体的建模方法，具有合理，直观，简便等优点。     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARTICLE MOVEMENT AND CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY IN SOME NORTHERN IDAHO STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Data were collected in 1992 from 17 mountain streams located within fine- to coarse-grained schist formations on the Idaho Panhandle National Forests. These were used to examine predictive relationships potentially useful in monitoring stream channel stability and fishery habitat. Channel morphology, sediment, and lithological data were obtained at 123 riffle sites. An analysis of materials deposited on gravel bars showed that at most sites, critical grain size, calculated using Duboy's tractive force equation, often does not provide accurate estimates of particle sizes moved at bankfull discharge. The tractive force equation gave reasonable estimates (± 10 mm) at 16 percent of the sites, but significantly over- or underestimated the sizes at the remaining sites. Regression and discriminant analysis showed that the relationship between critical grain size and the geometric mean diameter of material deposited on gravel bars was influenced most by the substrate size, slope, and width-to-depth ratio. Similarly, lithology was correlated with the size of particles moved. Particle sizes moved at bankfull discharge were not well correlated with residual pool depth or pool length.     

PERSISTING SEDIMENT YIELDS AND SEDIMENT DELWERY CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: The Buffalo River is a tributary to the Mississippi River in west-central Wisconsin that drains a watershed dominated by agricultural land uses. Since 1935, backwater from Lock and Dam 4 on the Mississippi River has inundated the mouth of the Buffalo's valley. Resurveys of a transect first surveyed across the lake in 1935 and cesium-137 dating of backwater sediments reveal that sedimentation rates at the Buffalo's mouth have remained unchanged since the mid-1940s. Study results indicate that sediment yields from the watershed have persisted at relatively high levels over a period of several decades despite pronounced trends toward less cultivated land and major efforts to control soil erosion from agricultural land. The maintenance of sediment yields is probably due to increased channel conveyance capacities resulting from incision along some tributary streams since the early 1950s. Post-1950 incision extended the network of historical incised tributary channels, enhancing the efficient delivery of sediment from upland sources to downstream sites.     

地铁十字换乘车站全尺寸实验研究:I.站厅火灾

为了全面了解在不同通风模式下地铁十字换乘车站站厅火灾发展规律,通过在8A编组地铁十字换乘车站公共站厅层开展1 MW规模的全尺寸火灾实验,对不同通风模式下换乘地铁车站站厅层公共区火灾场景下的烟气前锋到达时间、烟气扩散与沉降范围和楼扶梯处温度等参数进行分析研究。研究结果表明:在换乘线路A线站厅层发生火灾时,受到出入口自然风以及站厅层空间结构的影响,站厅内形成了由站厅北侧向南侧方向的风压,有效抑制了烟气向B线站厅扩散;通风排烟系统能够有效降低烟气扩散速率,控制烟气扩散范围和沉降高度;针对此类结构车站站厅的防排烟设计,应综合考虑通风、出入口位置和空间构筑物对火灾烟气扩散的影响,确保火灾过程中人员疏散路径和楼扶梯处烟气层高度和烟气温度处于安全水平。     

鼠李糖脂胶团强化超滤处理含铅废水研究

以实验室配制的模拟含铅废水为研究对象,探讨了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂强化超滤技术对含铅废水的处理效果。实验结果表明,影响重金属离子铅去除率因素的主次顺序为:p H值鼠李糖脂浓度重金属离子铅的初始浓度操作压力,去除重金属铅离子的最佳条件是:鼠李糖脂浓度为8 CMC,p H值为9,操作压力为300 k Pa,最大去除率可达到89.66%。     

基于正交试验法的黄铁矿自燃倾向性影响因素分析

利用X衍射仪、X荧光分析仪对黄铁矿进行了成分分析,运用激光粒度仪对黄铁矿进行了粒径分析。以粒度、空气流量、质量为正交试验的3个因子,运用正交试验法设计实验。利用热分析仪对黄铁矿进行了升温氧化试验,得到5、10、15 K/min升温速率下的TG-DSC曲线。运用FWO等转化率法计算黄铁矿的活化能,并将其作为黄铁矿自燃倾向性评价指标。结果表明,三因素对黄铁矿自燃倾向性影响程度为:粒径空气流量质量,且粒径的大小与活化能的大小成比例关系;当粒径为131.10μm,质量为10 mg,空气流量为30 m L/min时,黄铁矿自燃倾向性最小。