堆肥低温起爆微生物筛选及其初步应用

为解决北方寒冷地区因低温导致有机废弃物处理周期漫长且效率低等问题,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术与传统平板培养相结合的方法,从低温堆肥中分离出19株嗜冷细菌,并采用序列引导分离分子生物学技术,最终获得目标优势菌株CY1. 将CY1与筛选的糖、淀粉、蛋白质分解菌株CY14、CY17和CY19复配成低温复合菌剂,研究优化组合菌剂对低温鸡粪堆肥的影响. 结果表明,堆肥至第6天时,复合菌剂处理(T)堆料中w(OM)(OM为有机质)下降了12.64%;水溶性有机物(DOM)三维荧光光谱显示,低温复合菌剂处理类蛋白峰(峰T)的荧光峰强度下降了44.10%,类腐殖酸峰(峰C)的荧光峰强度上升了39.00%. 添加复合菌剂能够提高堆肥低温起爆效率,可为我国北方寒冷地区低温堆肥提供技术优化.      

融雪期城市河流中溶解性有机物的时空分布特征

以沈阳市新开河为研究对象,考察了河水中溶解性有机物(DOM)含量的月份变化,以及融雪期河水中DOM含量和特性的时空变化规律.利用XAD树脂将DOM分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A),疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N),过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A),过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明,融雪期河水中的溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度较高,HPO-N和TPI-N是融雪期河水中的主要DOM组分,并且DOM中的荧光物质主要为类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质和类腐植酸荧光物质.融雪期水体中的DOC、波长254nm处的紫外吸光度(UV-254)和三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)呈先降低然后波动最后升高的变化趋势.特征紫外吸光度(SUVA)和三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)与以上三者的变化规律相反.融雪期河水中的DOC受污水排放影响大,有排污口处的DOC含量明显大于其他区域.污水排放也使受纳水体中UV-254对THMFP的指示作用减弱.     

Comparison of various sensitive and selective spectrophotometric assays of environmental cyanide

A simple approach was carried out to study the effects of various parameters on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) performance of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) analysis in samples from some reservoirs and rivers in Taiwan under simulation conditions. Nature of column and its packing affected the instrument sensitivity. Varied column length indicated the longer column enhanced (C18, 5 μm, 4.6 × 150 mm) HPLC performance. Studies on mobile phase found that ratio and concentration of the mobile phase gradient greatly influenced the peak shape, retention time, and optimal conditions of mobile phase were set at acetonitrile and 0.01M ammonium acetate (30:70). Different compounds were added to mobile phase and their contribution to HPLC spectra was reported. Detection limits were carefully measured and reported. These investigations provide simple and important information that may be applied to HPLC performance for microcystin analysis from natural water systems.     

Spectrophotometry determination of Congo red in river water samples using nanosilver

A spectrophotometric procedure for the anionic diazo dye Congo red was proposed based on nanosilver catalyzed oxidation by potassium iodate in a hydrochloric acid medium. The calibration graph is linear for 0.8–240?mg?L^?1, and the detection limit is 0.6?mg?L^?1. Most foreign ions do not interfere with the determination, except for Cu(II), Fe(III), and Cr(VI). The interferences of Cu(II) and Fe(III) could be eliminated by masking with ethylene diamine tetraacetate, and that of Cr(VI) by reducing to Cr(III) with ascorbic acid. The typical features of this procedure are that it is sensitive for Congo red, and the determination could be carried out at room temperature. It had been used for the determination of Congo red in the Ganjnameh river water sample.     

Elemental composition of bottom-sediments from Pangani river basin,Tanzania: lithogenic and anthropogenic sources

River-bed sediments from the Pangani basin, Tanzania, were characterized for elemental compositions, following contamination risks from rapid expansions of human activities in the area. Samples were collected during two individual seasons and analyzed by high-polarizing beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for eight major and 14 trace elements. Evaluation of enrichment factors (EFs) was used to investigate the elemental flux and assess the contributions of natural and anthropogenic influences. The abundances of the major elements followed the order Si?>?Al?>?Fe?>?Ca?>?K?>?Ti?>?Mn?>?P, similar to that of the upper earth's crust, and were generally from the weathering of the bed-rock. The high concentrations of typical anthropogenic trace-elements (Cr??1, V??1, Ni??1, Cu??1, La??1) coupled with high EFs (>2) in some locations indicated contamination associated with agricultural and industrial activities. Factor analysis extracted five principal components that contributed to 96.0% of the total observed variance. The results indicated that river-bed sediments of the Pangani basin were influenced to a larger extent by lithogenic sources than anthropogenic impacts.     

Alteration of photosystem II activity by atrazine on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii synchronized and asynchronized cell cycle cultures

Inhibition of photosystem II (PSII) activity by atrazine was investigated in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during different states of the cell cycle. The algal cultures were maintained under continuous light or under light/dark cycle (16/8?h) to obtain homogenized cell cycle distribution. The cycle state of algal population was determined by the DNA content using flow cytometry and defined as newly divided cells before the initiation of DNA replication (G₀/G₁) and cells at the end of the replication cycle with fully duplicated DNA content (G₂/M). Under different synchronized states of the cell population, the photosynthetic activity was investigated after treatment at 10, 100, and 1000?µmol?L^?1 atrazine exposed for 24?h by using fluorescence parameters related to PSII activity measured with a plant efficiency analyzer and pulse-amplitude modulated methods. In this study, we found that the atrazine effect was different depending on cell cycle phases and the period of illumination. Algal cells under light–dark cycle showed inhibition of the PSII electron transport leading to an increase of heat energy dissipation by the PSII reaction center. Algal cells grown under continuous light was shown to be more resistant to atrazine than the cells grown under light–dark cycle.     

三氯生对羊角月牙藻生长及其抗氧化系统的影响

以羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为实验材料,研究了三氯生(triclosan,TCS)对羊角月牙藻生长、光合作用叶绿素荧光动力学参数及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,TCS对羊角月牙藻的96h-EC50为0.112mg·L-1,属于高毒。TCS暴露对羊角月牙藻的叶绿素荧光中ABS/RC、PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例等参数有显著影响。随着三氯生浓度的增大,羊角月牙藻的叶绿素荧光中ABS/RC大幅上升,PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例下降;当三氯生浓度为0.256mg·L-1时,ABS/RC达到最大值,PIabs、RC/CSo和OEC比例下降为最小值,表明藻细胞光合作用的原初反应及电子链传递过程受到严重阻碍。同时,三氯生对羊角月牙藻体内抗氧化酶系中GST活性和MDA含量也有较大影响。在低浓度暴露下,GST活性随TCS浓度增加而增大,但当TCS浓度超过0.256mg·L-1时,GST活性出现显著下降,同时MDA含量达到最大,这种GST活性的下降同时伴随MDA含量的增加表明藻细胞膜系统受到较大损害。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定染毒小鼠体内汞的分布

小鼠经腹腔注射氯化汞(HgCl2)染毒后,采用微波消解-原子荧光法研究汞在小鼠全血、脑、睾丸、脾、肝脏以及肾脏的分布情况.结果表明,方法的检出限为0.002μg.L-1,加标回收率为92.12%—108.46%.该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,检出限低,线性范围宽,可作为生物体内汞含量的测定方法.汞在染毒小鼠血和各脏器中含量随染汞剂量的增加而明显增加,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);小鼠体内总汞绝大部分蓄积在肾脏内,其次是肝脏,然后是脾、睾丸、脑;全血的总汞含量与肾脏、肝脏、脾、睾丸、脑的总汞含量有相关性.     

盐度冲击下MBR污泥SMP和EPS的三维荧光光谱解析

利用三维荧光(EEM)技术研究了不同盐度冲击下膜-生物反应器(MBR)污泥微生物溶解性产物(SMP)和胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化规律,分析不同盐度冲击下MBR污泥SMP和EPS的EEM图谱.结果表明,当冲击盐度大于2.5g/L时,SMP的EEM图谱中色氨酸荧光峰B(270nm,350nm)、类胡敏酸荧光峰C(375,475nm)、类富里酸荧光峰D(260,460nm)以及EPS的EEM图谱中色氨酸荧光峰B的荧光强度随冲击盐度的提升而增加,EPS的EEM图谱中类胡敏酸C峰的荧光强度则随冲击盐度的提升而下降.用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)方法确定EEM图谱中存在的4个组分,分别为类蛋白质组分C1(230/280,350nm),类胡敏酸组分C2(290/310,380nm)、C3(290/360,460nm)和C4(270/340,440nm);当冲击盐度大于2.5g/L时,SMP中C1、C3和C4组分的荧光强度与冲击盐度呈正相关,而EPS中C3和C4组分的荧光强度分别与冲击盐度呈正相关和负相关,其相关系数均≥0.90;SMP中类蛋白质荧光组分和类胡敏酸组分的荧光强度之和分别与测定的蛋白质含量和胡敏酸含量呈明显的正相关性,相关系数均＞0.93,可作为荧光组分强度定量计算的依据,而EPS中此相关性并不明显.     

低温胁迫对6种珍贵树种苗木光合荧光特性的影响

以格木（Erythrophleum fordii）、降香黄檀（Dalbergia odorifera）、闽楠（Phoebe bournei）檀香（Santalum album）、铁刀木（Cassia siamea）和樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）6种珍贵树种苗木为研究对象,分析自然降温过程中苗木相对叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标的变化,探讨低温胁迫对这6种苗木光合荧光特性的影响,并利用隶属函数法对6种珍贵树种耐寒能力进行了评价,以期了解这几种植物的抗寒能力差异及低温对其光合能力的影响,为扩大引种和栽培提供依据。结果表明,与对照相比,低温胁迫下6种珍贵树种苗木净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均有不同程度的下降,其中,格木、降香黄檀、闽楠、檀香、铁刀木净光合效率的下降很大程度上来源于非气孔因素抑制,而樟树净光合速率下降可能来源于气孔限制因素。闽楠、檀香和樟树水分利用效率（WUE）呈上升趋势,而格木与降香黄檀WUE均有不同程度的降低,表明闽楠、檀香和樟树能较好地协调碳同化和水分耗散。低温胁迫下6种珍贵树种Fm均有所下降,表明低温可对珍贵树种苗木叶片PSII反应中心的电子传递潜力产生明显的抑制,致使珍贵树种PSII的光能转换效率降低。降香黄檀、闽楠、檀香、铁刀木和樟树经历2次低温胁迫后qP呈现出持续下降的趋势,表明珍贵树种PSII反应中心的开放程度降低。在2次低温胁迫间格木、降香黄檀、闽楠和铁刀木qN差异不显著（p〉0.05）,表明珍贵树种具有过剩光能耗散机制,保护光合机构免受破坏。相关性分析结果表明,Pn与Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR和Fm存在极显著相关关系（p〈0.01）,表明Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR和Fm均可作为衡量植物光合能力的参数。隶属函数法分析结果表明,6种珍贵树种抗寒能力依次为格木〉樟树〉闽楠=檀香=铁刀木〉降香黄檀。总之,?