垃圾焚烧飞灰处置与资源化利用研究进展

针对作为危险废物的垃圾焚烧飞灰,系统介绍了国内外对其进行处理处置的现状,从水泥固化、高温稳定化及化学药剂稳定化几方面进行了论述。在总结目前国内外飞灰资源化利用途径的基础上,介绍了其4类再利用途径:建筑材料制作(水泥、混凝土、陶瓷、玻璃和玻璃陶瓷),农业利用(土壤改良剂)、岩土工程应用(道路、筑堤)和其它(吸附剂),并对以后的处理方向作了阐述,为飞灰的无害化和资源化处理提供参考。     

伊川火电厂建设场地地质灾害危险性评估

以伊川火电厂为例,调查分析了评估区的地质环境条件,针对该火电厂建设项目中的电厂工程、灰库工程、水库工程、铁路专用线工程进行了地质灾害危险性预测评估和综合分区评估,发现地质灾害的类型和地质灾害危险性明显受地质环境条件和工程建筑类型的影响。认为电厂工程、灰库工程的库中区和库尾区为地质灾害危险性小区,灰库工程的坝址区、水库工程和铁路专用线工程为地质灾害危险性中等区。     

用偏高岭石、铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰生产土聚水泥试验

以偏高岭石和固体废物铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰为基料,以氢氧化钠、水玻璃等作为激发剂,在室温条件下制备土聚水泥。通过正交试验,研究不同基料配比、激发剂、外加剂的不同加入量等因素对试条抗压强度的影响,并确定最优配方;同时通过SEM观察了土聚水泥的形貌并研究了土壤聚合的反应机理。结果表明:其最佳配方中铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰的质量比之和接近60%,7天抗压强度比标号为P.O42.5的水泥高5%;该土聚水泥呈层状结构,缝隙较小,结构紧密。     

新型粉煤灰陶粒的制备及其处理印染废水的研究

以粉煤灰为原料,在一定条件下进行活化,再添加适量的固化剂、凝结剂和无机聚合剂并混匀,通过加热、蒸汽养护等工序,制成新型轻质多微孔粉煤灰陶粒,并以此填充于曝气生物滤池中,用于印染废水的处理。结果表明,该种填料由于会释放出Al3+、Fe3+形成无机絮体,与其它粉煤灰陶粒相比,在系统启动过程中和启动后,具有对各污染物都有更好的去除能力,在进水COD、BOD5、色度和SS平均浓度为954.39 mg/L、255 mg/L、551.4倍和2 297.2 mg/L时,水解酸化-BAF系统的平均去除率分别可达90.8%、89.3%、88.9%和96.7%。处理后出水达到纺织染整工业废水排放标准(GB4287-92)的Ⅱ级标准。     

煤系废物地聚合物稳定/固化重金属离子效果研究

基于传统地聚合物的硅铝质原材料的单一性和局限性限制了地聚合固化技术处置重金属离子的发展,因此,本文研究了煤系废物地聚合物稳定/固化重金属离子的性能.采用活性煤系废物代替常用的低钙粉煤灰、偏高岭土,以碱激发,研究制备了一种新型、高性能无机地聚合物,并对比分析了重金属离子(Co2+、Cr3+、Zn2+、Ni2+)的稳定/固化效果.结果表明,常温(20℃)、相对湿度95%时,煤系废物地聚合物的最佳配比为:煤矸石和粉煤灰的质量比m(G)∶m(CFA)=7∶3、微硅灰质量分数7%,无定形地聚合物凝胶紧密包裹在粉煤灰和煤矸石颗粒周围,固化体表面出现大量鱼鳞片状产物,层层交织,结构体致密.综合固化体抗压强度和浸出毒性的标准,Co2+、Cr3+、Zn2+、Ni2+的理想固化量分别为1.5%、2.5%、2.0%、1.5%,固化效果明显,稳定性良好,长期安全性.     

Fly ash exploited in pavement layers in environmentally friendly ways

Increased care about the environment is currently evidenced by governmental, industrial, and consumer concern for ozone depletion, solid and liquid waste disposal, and pollutants. This concern has led to an increase in marketing of the “environmentally friendly” aspects of products. In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but pollution control equipment mandated in recent decades now requires that it is captured prior to release. In order to upgrade expansive soils as construction materials, fly ash, which is a waste material, has been selected and successfully used for stabilizing expansive clays in the Thrace region. The strength characteristics of the stabilized soils were measured. Depending upon the soil type, the effective fly ash content for improving the engineering properties of the soil varied between 8% and 12%. Using fly ash in roadwork projects will help the environment reducing the deposited amounts.     

Using Fly Ash as a Marker to Quantify Culturally‐Accelerated Sediment Accumulation in Playa Wetlands

Wetlands in the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska are vulnerable to sediment accumulation from the surrounding watershed. Sediment accumulation has a negative impact on wetland quality by decreasing the depth and volume of water stored, and the plant community species composition and density growing in the wetland. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of sediment that has accumulated in five selected wetlands in the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska. Soil cores were taken at five or six locations along transects across each wetland. This study used the fly ash, which is generated by coal‐burning locomotives that were present generally in the late 1800s and early 1900s, as a marker to quantify the sediment deposition rates. The cores were divided into 5 cm sections and the soils were analyzed using a fly ash extraction and identification technique. Results indicate that the average depth of sediment ranged from 23.00 to 38.00 cm. The annual average depth of sediment accumulation ranged from 0.18 cm/yr to 0.29 cm/yr. The annual sediment accumulation rate from both wind erosion and water erosion in these five sampling wetlands was between 1.946 and 3.225 kg/m²/yr. The results of this research can be used to develop restoration plans for wetlands. The fly ash testing technology can also be applied to other areas with the railroads across the United States.     

粉煤灰基催化臭氧处理亚甲基蓝催化剂的制备

以粉煤灰作为载体,用等体积浸渍法负载NiO,CuO,Fe2O3等不同的活性组分,制备出不同单组分和双组分的催化剂,从中选择出最佳的催化剂为NiO/粉煤灰。通过正交试验确定制备NiO/粉煤灰催化剂的最佳条件为:负载量为1wt%,浸渍时间为15 h,煅烧温度为300℃,煅烧时间为2 h。将NiO/粉煤灰催化剂投加到臭氧氧化处理亚甲基蓝模拟废水体系中,处理效果有显著的提高,去除率由单独臭氧处理的88.04%提高到99.12%。     

典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性研究

采用成分分析法和毒性监测法系统分析了来源于6类典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性．研究表明,6类固体废物焚烧飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、 Ca、 Al、 Fe、 K、 Na、 Cl等．各重金属成分中,Zn是受试飞灰（除LS飞灰）中含量最高的重金属元素,范围在2100～32100 mg/kg,均值达9458 mg/kg;元素Cd、 Zn、 Cu、 Cr、 Ni、 Pb、 As平均值则分别为土壤中的各元素含量的642、 127、 22、 18、 15、 10、 2倍．国标硫酸硝酸法和TCLP浸出程序对飞灰中的重金属浸出率普遍偏低,仅其中2类工业废物焚烧飞灰在TCLP法下超出鉴别限值;虽然受试飞灰中二英类物质（PCDD/Fs）毒性当量均低于危险废物毒性物质含量鉴别(GB 5085.6-2007)有关二英类物质规定,但与浙江省部分地区污染土壤中的平均二英毒性当量进行比较,HZ、 WZ、 NB、 TZ和HUZ飞灰分别为其105、 59、 401、 369和5倍,除LS飞灰外其余5种飞灰的毒性当量值要大大高于加拿大、 新西兰和瑞典的土壤中二英的指导值．本研究结果说明不同焚烧厂飞灰化学组成存在很大差异;焚烧废物成分对飞灰中的重金属元素有一定的影响,但焚烧工艺过程是影响固体废物焚烧飞灰中重金属和二英分布和丰度的最主要因素．因此,无论是生活垃圾还是工业危险废物的焚烧飞灰均具有很大的潜在环境风险,处理或利用前必须对其性质进行充分调研．     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.