Recovery of copper from small grain size fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash by means of density separation

Small grain size fractions of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) contain elemental and chemically bonded metals in appreciable amounts, especially copper. Investigations with a centrifugal concentrator were carried out using samples, which had been treated with different impact devices. Partly the impacts of single devices were visible in outlines, but mostly the surfaces of the metals were still covered with mineral residues. To generate copper rich fractions, parameters of the separation process should ensure mass yields <2%, best between 0.5 and 1%. The density of the concentrates is then generally >3.2 g/cm³. Best results were achieved with material from a special treatment train which is adapted to grain sizes <2 mm. Reliable copper contents between 20 and 40% (single runs >50%) could be realised. However, considering the required mass yields, referred to this subset only 150–170 g copper would be recovered from 1 Mg MSWI BA. Furthermore, this copper is only in parts present in elemental form. A dependable added value of such treatment step seems to be given only, if that enables a recycling of the mineral aggregates (tailings) in parallel to avoid landfill costs.     

萃取法从粉煤灰生产Al_2O_3废水中回收偏硅酸钠

采用由C_1~C_4低碳醇组成的复配萃取剂萃取回收粉煤灰生产Al_2O_3废水(脱硅液)中的偏硅酸钠,在提取产品偏硅酸钠的同时回收脱硅液中的碱。直接进行萃取时偏硅酸钠易流失,萃取剂用量大,回收成本较高。将脱硅液浓缩后再进行萃取,萃取剂用量大幅减少,回收成本明显下降。将萃取剂成本与浓缩所需成本之和最低时的最佳浓缩比下、脱硅液与萃取剂体积比为1∶0.8时回收的偏硅酸钠干燥处理,干燥后的偏硅酸钠中Na_2O含量(w)大于20.5%,SiO_2含量大于20.0%,水不溶物含量小于0.05%,铁含量小于0.05%,白度大于70%,产品符合HG/T2568—2008《工业偏硅酸钠》标准。     

两种医疗垃圾焚烧炉的灰渣特性研究

为评价医疗垃圾焚烧灰渣对环境的危害性及寻找安全有效的处理方法,利用X-射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、原子吸收光谱仪等仪器分别对回转窑式、固定床式医疗垃圾焚烧炉的布袋飞灰及底渣进行化学成分、物相、微观形貌、重金属含量及渗沥行为等特性分析.结果发现,回转窑式和固定床式布袋飞灰热灼减率分别为31.2%、34.6%,两者Cl、SO3和碱金属含量均较高,主要物相为CaSO4和NaCl,且Cd、Zn、Pb等重金属渗沥浓度均超过危险废物填埋允许限值,其渗沥行为可能与布袋飞灰的不规则多孔海绵状微观形貌有一定关系;2种底渣主要由复杂硅酸盐构成,其渗沥浓度低于危险废物规定的阈值.因此,2种布袋飞灰经预处理后方能进入危废填埋场填埋,2种底渣可按一般工业固废直接填埋.     

泛比电阻电除尘器收尘性能实验研究

泛比电阻电除尘器是一种具有辅助电极和交错平板收尘电极的新型电除尘器.通过对其伏安特性及除尘效率的试验研究,并与传统线板式静电除尘器进行比较,结果表明辅助电极对电晕电流具有明显的抑制作用,在相同的外加电压下,泛比电阻电除尘器对高比电阻锅炉飞灰的收尘效率比普通的线板式电除尘器明显要高.     

Effects of leachant temperature and pH on leachability of metals from fly ash. A case study: Can thermal power plant, province of Canakkale, Turkey

Lignite powered electric generation plants result in increasing environmental problems associated with gaseous emissions and the disposal of ash residues. Especially, low quality coals with high ash content cause enormous quantities of both gaseous and solid fly ash emissions. The main problem is related to the disposal of fly ash, which, in many cases, contains heavy metals. It is known that toxic trace metals may leach when fly ash is in contact with water. In this study, fly ash samples obtained from the thermal power plant in the town of Can in Turkey were investigated for leachability of metals under different acidic and temperature conditions. The experimental results show that a decrease in pH of the leachant favors the extraction of metal ions from fly ash. A significant increase in the extraction of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, zinc, lead, mercury, and selenium ions from the ash is attributed to the instability of the mineral phases. These heavy metals concentrations increase with respect to increasing acidic conditions and temperature. Peak concentrations, in general, were found at around 30°C.     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of metals in the natural vegetation growing on fly ash lagoons: a field study from Santaldih thermal power plant, West Bengal, India

A field study was conducted in the fly ash lagoons of Santandih Thermal Power Plant located in West Bengal (India) to find out total, EDTA and DTPA extractable metals in fly ash and their bioaccumulation in root and shoot portion of the naturally growing vegetation. Fly ash sample has alkaline pH and low conductivity. The concentration of total Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni were found higher than weathered fly ash and natural soil, where as Co, Cd and Cr were found traces. Five dominant vegetation namely, Typha latifolia, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Amaranthus defluxes, Saccharum spontaenum and Cynodon dactylon were collected in the winter months (November–December). Bioaccumulation of metals in root and shoot portions were found varied significantly among the species, but all concentration were found within toxic limits. Correlation between total, DTPA and EDTA extractable metals viz. root and shoot metals concentration were studied. Translocation factor (TF) for Cu, Zn and Ni were found less than unity, indicates that these metals are immobilized in the root part of the plants. Metals like Mn have TF greater than unity. The study infers that natural vegetation removed Mn by phytoextraction mechanisms (TF > 1), while other metals like Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni were removed by rhizofiltration mechanisms (TF < 1). The field study revealed that T. latifolia and S. spontaenum plants could be used for bioremediation of fly ash lagoon.     

微波消解法测定铅锌冶炼厂废旧除尘布袋及其飞灰中重金属的应用研究

以广东某铅锌冶炼厂的废旧除尘布袋及其布袋上的飞灰为实验材料,以HNO3-H2O2-HF对布袋及飞灰进行微波全量消解,采用BCR三步浸提法提取飞灰中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd 6种重金属,并利用火焰原子吸收仪器检测布袋及飞灰中6种重金属的含量及飞灰中各形态含量。结果表明,铅锌冶炼厂废旧布袋和飞灰中重金属含量较高,远大于《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15168—1995)三级标准值。不同重金属在飞灰中的形态分布差异较大,Ni主要以残渣态和酸可交换态为主,Cu和Pb以残渣态为主,Zn的4种形态分布都较均匀,Cd、Zn潜在的迁移性最强。     

我国垃圾焚烧飞灰性质及其重金属浸出特性分析

调查分析了我国12个垃圾焚烧飞灰样品的性质和重金属浸出规律.结果表明,飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、Ca、Al、Fe、K、Na、Cl 等,除1个样品外,飞灰样品中的重金属元素含量均在0 .5%～3 .0%范围内.由此可见焚烧飞灰具有较大的环境风险,必须按危险废物进行安全管理.应用单批次浸出程序检测结果表明,美国EPA的毒性浸出程序（TCLP）和我国固体废物浸出毒性鉴别程序（GB 5086 .1-1997）对焚烧飞灰中的重金属浸出率偏低,且二者对飞灰危险性评估的差异较大,这主要是受二者不同的浸出液最终的pH值所影响.常规酸中和容量（GANC）浸出试验结果表明,飞灰中重金属的浸出主要受浸出液的最终pH值影响,而该pH值取决于飞灰中碱性物质与浸取剂酸度二者间的相互作用.通过对不同类别程序的浸出过程分析发现,在相同浸取液作用下,单批次式浸出程序的静态平衡终点与连续过流式浸出程序的平衡终点存在较大差异,有必要结合我国飞灰特点和实际处置场景,建立适用于焚烧飞灰的单批次式毒性浸出试验程序,避免对飞灰危险性识别的不足和管理的失控.     

流化床锅炉飞灰活性激发与建材利用的试验研究

流化床锅炉飞灰活性较差,常规的粉煤灰活性激发方法对该飞灰效果不佳.本研究采用了加入适当激发剂的方法激发其活性,结果表明,加入激发剂后水泥胶砂的早期抗折、抗压强度均有100%的增长,后期抗折强度提高约100%、抗压强度提高60%以上,凝结时间和安定性均符合要求.水泥中飞灰掺量达40%时,其胶砂各龄期强度均达到甚至超过了42.5R水泥的强度;飞灰掺量65%～75%时,胶砂强度显示仍可生产一些低强度要求的建材产品,如砌筑水泥、建筑砂浆等.采用XRD、SEM等微观测试手段对飞灰活性激发机理进行了探讨.     

基于EDX的飞灰元素组成及重金属分布研究

介绍了用于X射线能谱分析(EDX)的飞灰颗粒表面和断面样品的制作方法.对用EDX分析飞灰组成元素及重金属分布的实验方法(包括点(或面)分析、线扫描以及元素能谱图)和信息分析方法进行了探讨.168组的飞灰EDX分析结果表明:飞灰成分非常复杂,其中Si,Ca和Al是基本组成元素,Cl和S出现频率处于第2位,而作为盐基的Na,K和Mg出现频率处于第3位;在以Si,Ca和Al为主体的飞灰颗粒表面和断面重金属富集少,呈随机分布.推测重金属在飞灰上的吸附作用机理包括了物理吸附过程和自飞灰颗粒表面向内部的化学扩散过程.