Effects of inorganic chlorine source on dioxin formation using fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator

Chlorine source is indispensable for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Inorganic chlorine compounds were employed in this study to investigate their effects on PCDD/F formation through heterogeneous synthesis on fly ash surfaces. A fly ash sample obtained from a fluidized bed incinerator was sieved to different size fractions which served as the PCDD/F formation sources. The capability of different metal chlorides which facilitate the formation of PCDDs/Fs was found to follow the trends: Na ＜ Mg ＜ K ＜ Al ＜ Ca, when two particle fractions of ＞177 μm and 104-125 μm were used in the experiments. However, the capability of NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl did not seem much different from each other, whereas CaCl2 and AlCl3 were much more active in PCDD/F formation. NaCl and MgCl2 were relatively effective to produce more PCDDs, while KCl, AlCl3 and CaCl2 generated more PCDFs during heterogeneous reactions occurring on fly ash. 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the most significant contributor to the toxicity of the PCDDs/Fs formed from inorganic chlorine sources. Decreasing the sizes of fly ash particles led to more active formation of PCDDs/Fs when NaCl was used as inorganic chlorine in the experiment. The highest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＜37 μm, while the lowest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＞177 μm. The toxicity generally increased with decreasing size of the fly ash particles. The formation of PCDDs was mainly facilitated by the two size fractions, 104-125 μm and ＜37 μm, while formation of PCDFs was favored by the two other size fractions, ＞177 μm and 53-104 μm.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.     

Optimization for solidification of low-level-radioactive resin using Taguchi analysis

Solidification of low-level-radioactive (LLW) resin was optimized using Taguchi analytical methodology. The ingredients in LLW mortar which caused the solidification of cement were evaluated through consecutive measurements of the effects of various concentrations of ingredients. Samples selected according to Taguchi's method were separated into 18 different categories and measured at the 7th, 21st, and 28th day after fabrication on developing effects. Evaluations of the various samples focused on whether the compressive and bending strength fulfilled the special criteria of the Taiwan Power Company (TPC). Similar results indicated that both furnace slag and fly ash were the dominant material resulting from the solidification of LLW mortar. The superior combination was obtained as furnace slag 24 wt.%, fly ash 24 wt.%, and cement 8 wt.% to mix 24 wt.% of resin with 20 wt.% of water, to fulfill the contemporary requirements of TPC.     

钙基烟气脱硫剂制备的实验研究

采用正交实验 ,研究了水合制备高效钙基烟气脱硫剂时各制备条件对产物的影响。结果表明 ,水合时间、水合温度Ca(OH) 2 /CaSO4的质量比 ,以及飞灰 / (Ca(OH) 2 +CaSO4)质量比四个条件对脱硫剂比表面积的形成有显著的影响 ;从而由单因素实验得出一最佳钙基脱硫剂制备条件组合。此外 ,通过XDR分析 ,测定了脱硫剂的物相组成 ,扫描电镜观察显示飞灰和水合吸收剂具有不同的表面形态     

粉煤灰资源化特性及路面工程应用技术研究

对粉煤灰的各项技术参数进行了试验研究,揭示出粉煤灰的不同成分和形貌对其资源化特性的影响规律,初步完成了消除不利于粉煤灰资源化的有害成分炭的优化实验工作,进行了脱炭粉煤灰混凝土配合比等试验研究,并在路面修复工程中予以应有,结果表明,经脱炭处理的粉煤灰应用于混凝土工程可以明显改善混凝土的工作性能,实际道路运营和技术性能符合路面工程的要求,具有重大的经济效益和环境效益。     

谷壳灰硅肥改善土壤质量降低水稻镉砷累积的效应

为研究谷壳灰制备硅肥对水稻不同生育期土壤重金属镉（Cd）和砷（As）生物有效性、酶活性、微生物群落结构和糙米重金属含量的影响,开展水稻盆栽试验.结果表明,施用0.1%~1.0%谷壳灰硅肥能提高土壤pH值0.04~0.24个单位,有效硅含量44.2%~97.5%,也能降低土壤有效态Cd含量16.2%~21.4%,有效态As含量16.0%~24.9%;随施加量的增大各生育期土壤酶活性增大,其中蔗糖酶活性显著增大6.3%~145.7%,脱氢酶活性显著增大6.7%~224.1%;分析土壤成熟期微生物群落结构显示,施用谷壳灰硅肥不影响微生物α-多样性,但对微生物β-多样性产生显著影响,促进微生物生长,维持群落结构稳定性;随施加量的增大,糙米Cd含量降低了29.3%~89.7%,糙米总As和无机As含量分别降低7.8%~42.3%和17.2%~44.5%,当施用量在0.5%和1.0%时水稻糙米ω（Cd）<0.2 mg·kg^-1,ω（无机As）<0.35 mg·kg^-1.综上,谷壳灰硅肥能改善土壤质量、降低糙米Cd和As含量,具有环境友好性,可用于Cd和As复合污染稻田土壤的治理.     

活化粉煤灰在橡胶制品中应用的研究

本研究是将多种活化粉煤灰应用于橡胶制品中分别代替活性碳酸钙,轻质碳酸钙和中超炭黑作填料或补强剂。结果表明,良好的活化剂是获得优良活化灰的关键因素之一,粉煤灰的粒度和其表面性能是影响复合材料机械性能的主要因素,用良好的活化剂,采用干法研磨的活化方法可以兼顾这２个因素,获得较理想的活化灰,活化灰与有机物能很好地相容,加上它的球粒结构,因而有很好的加工性在。在橡胶制品中用活化灰全部代替活性碳酸钙,各项物     

煤矸石－粉煤灰－废石膏烧结陶粒

采用制粒烧结工艺成功地把煤矸石、粉煤灰及废石膏(或烟气脱硫污泥)制备成建筑用轻质陶粒,实现了对上述固体废物的资源化和稳定化。煤矸石等的配料比以及粉状原料的颗粒尺寸分布是在成球盘中制粒的主要影响因素。烧结过程中的影响因素较多,但烧结温度是影响产品质量的主要因素。煤矸石-粉煤灰-废石膏陶粒烧结过程发生在950—1250℃,最佳烧结温度为1200±50℃,制得的陶位坚硬如岩石,容重等级为900,筒压强度为9—15MPa,超过GB2838-81的筒压强度≥6.5MPa的规定。     

粉煤灰基混凝剂的制备及应用研究

在粉煤灰中加入少量黄铁矿烧渣和适量固体ＮａＣｌ,在９０℃温度下用稀Ｈ２ＳＯ４搅拌浸提３ｈ,即制得集物理吸附和化学混凝为一体的粉煤灰基混凝剂。这种混凝剂用于不同工业废水处理,ＣＯＤ去除率在５０％－８３％之间,色度去除率在８９％－９８％之间,混凝沉淀速度快,污泥体积小,处理废水费用低。     

循环流化床电站排放烟尘特性及痕量重金属分析

对35t h循环流化床电厂电除尘器入口和出口的烟气气溶胶进行分级取样,得到飞灰浓度和粒度分布以及电除尘器的分级脱除效率.电除尘器对PM10、PM2 5的脱除效率分别为94 34%和91 38%,使部分可吸入烟尘颗粒穿透除尘设备而直接排放到大气环境中.同时对不同粒度飞灰中重金属含量进行了测试,得到痕量元素浓度从高到低依次为Ni,Cr,Cu,Cd,Pb,Hg.痕量重金属含量与飞灰粒径有一定依附关系,其分布规律与煤成分、锅炉燃烧方式和痕量元素自身的挥发特性等因素有关.