生物柴油产业链分析

生物柴油是指由植物油、动物油脂等制备得到的单烷烃酯类。它是一种环境友好、清洁排放的燃料,因此是非常理想的石油柴油替代燃料。本文从生物柴油产业链中的原料来源、生产工艺、产品应用以及其效益等方面对这种新型的清洁燃料进行了简单介绍。总之,生物柴油是一种很有发展前景的生物质燃料。     

A carbon footprint analysis in the textile supply chain

This research work focuses on the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to determine the carbon footprint of different players involved in a supply chain of the textile sector. A case study of a product by a textile leader company was carried out. This study demonstrates that, in the textile chain, the main contribution to the greenhouse effect is provided by the electrical and thermal energy used and by the transportation (since different production phases are delocalised in a wide range that goes from South Africa, Italy, Romania and all around the world, from the distribution centre to the stores). The Monte Carlo analysis has been used in order to obtain, for each calculated impact, not only the average value but also the distribution curve of the results characterised by uncertainty parameters. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of management choices such as:

??a change in the transportation modality, from aeroplane to boat;

??a combination of road and rail transportation; and

??a selection among suppliers that allows the firm to cut environmental impacts.     

我国人口资源与食物问题

人口增多,耕地减少,部分地区供水不足,是我国人口与资源矛盾的基本格局。由于人口的压力,对资源实行超强度的利用,使较大范围的地区生态环境恶化,严重威胁农业生产,并成为许多地区多灾、低产、贫困的根本原因,较低的食物人均占有水平,将继续成为中国国民经济发展和人民生活水平提高的严重限制因素。增加食物,必须挖掘资源的潜力,开源与节流相结合,以内涵挖潜为主。首先是要立足现有的耕地,致力于提高单产;同时,合理开发水域、山地、草地等资源,广辟食物来源,提高非耕地资源的生产力,提高林牧渔业的发展水平。耕地应以深度开发为主,走资源节约型(节地、节水、节时、节能)的集约化道路。     

农作物病虫害专业化防治服务对农药施用强度的影响

农药过量施用已造成严重的负外部性。推行农作物病虫害专业化统防统治服务可以实现安全、科学、合理用药,有效缓解农业面源污染问题和提升食品的质量安全水平。为了探究病虫害专业化统防统治服务在缓解农业面源污染方面的效果,文章利用全国七省水稻病虫害专业化防治服务调查数据,基于倾向得分匹配方法(PSM),剔除样本自选择内生性问题的影响,分析农户将水稻病虫害防治环节外包给植保专业化服务组织("统防统治")与"自防自治"户相比使用农药的种类和施用次数的差异,即植保专业化防治是否取得了较好的环境效应。研究结果表明,植保专业化服务显著减少了农药施用强度,提高了无公害低毒农药的采用比例;并且其效果在小农户和规模种植大户之间存在明显差异,与采纳病虫害统防统治服务的规模种植大户相比,小规模种植户在采纳病虫害统防统治服务后在降低农药施用强度,提高无公害低毒农药的应用比例方面效果更显著。基于此,文章建议强化对植保专业化防治项目的财政扶持力度,提高病虫害专业化防治覆盖率;重点鼓励小规模种植户采纳病虫害统防统治服务;鼓励农户土地流转,促进农业生产规模化经营,加强对种植专业户的病虫害防治方面的培训和引导,并着力发挥专业大户的示范带头作用,提高统防统治的效率,从而促进食品质量安全水平的提升和农业生态环境的保护。     

Eco-design practices towards sustainable supply chain management: interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach

Due to increasing emphasis on sustainable practices, many organisations have attempted to leverage their supply chain performance towards balancing triple bottom line dimensions (economic, environmental and social perspectives). This paper, therefore, determines the priorities of sustainable supply chain management focusing on eco-design. Interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and Matriced’ Impacts Croise’s Multiplication Appliquée a UN Classement (MIMAC) are used to identify the hierarchical structure of the relationships among eco-design dimensions, and to analyse characteristics power of each dimension on supporting eco-design practices. The relationships and characteristics power of each dimension are used to determine indicators that are effective in enhancement of eco-design practice, evaluated through sustainable supply chain performance. Results indicate that product deployment is an important approach for improving eco-design practice towards sustainable supply chain management. This emphasises the purpose and impact of eco-design on sequential supply chain activities at deployment phase. Further research is required to make an overall assessment of eco-design practices across range of manufacturing industries, given the current research is based on inputs from a limited number of experts of selected organisations.     

Biomagnification of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in a marine food web from Sydney Harbour, Australia

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds, such as methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), have been scarcely studied in the Southern Hemisphere. Yet, sources of the latter group of compounds were found in Southern regions, specifically in Australia. The environmental distribution and biomagnification potential of organobrominated compounds were therefore investigated in a representative aquatic food chain (invertebrates and fish) from the Sydney Harbour, Australia. Mean PBDE concentrations ranged from 6.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in squid to 115 ng/g lw in flounder. BDE 47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDE 100. Mean levels of MeO-PBDEs (sum of congeners 2’-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 47) were as high as 110 ng/g lw in tailor, with a slight dominance of 2’-MeO-BDE 68. Polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivates (PBHDs), another class of naturally-produced compounds, were found at variable concentrations and ranged from 4.7 ng/g lw in fanbelly and 146 ng/g lw in tailor. The tribrominated PBHD isomer dominated in the samples, except for luderick and squid. The lower levels of PBDEs found in luderick from the harbour compared to those obtained from the upper Parramatta River indicated a terrestrial (anthropogenic) origin of PBDEs, while the higher levels of MeO-PBDEs and PBHDs in the samples from the harbour confirmed the marine (natural) origin of these compounds. The highest trophic magnification factor (TMF) was found for sum PBDEs (3.9), while TMFs for sum MeO-PBDEs and sum PBHDs were 2.9 and 3.4, respectively. This suggests that biomagnification occurs in the studied aquatic food chain for anthropogenic brominated compounds, but also for the naturally-produced organobromines.     

水-粮食贸易:虚拟水研究进展

虚拟水思想强调的是水资源贡献，量化计算是其深入研究的基本，而是否选择虚拟水作为战略政策，应该考虑由不同国家的资源贡献和生产技术决定的比较利益。社会调适能力要求社会针对资源的第一性缺乏做相应调适并谋求解决手段，以提高资源管理能力。为此，需要结合我国的水和粮食安全问题，提出用虚拟水贸易解决我国水资源和粮食问题，提高我国对水资源缺乏的调适能力。     

日本食品废物不同资源化技术下的碳排放比较研究

应用生命周期评价法(LCA),采用日本农林水产省和环境省的调查数据和统计数据,对不同资源化技术处理食品废物碳排放进行评价.10种资源化技术相比于3种非资源化(主要是焚烧)技术的结果表明,食品废物生命周期各阶段碳排放最多的是预处理+处理阶段,约占85％;最少的是回收阶段,可抵消部分排放.此外,全生命周期总排放,甲烷化(循...     

全球化与粮食安全新格局

当今世界正面临“百年未有之大变局”,中国与全球的粮食安全面临重大挑战。为了系统认知全球化与粮食安全的新格局、新问题和新路径,邀请了十位来自不同专业领域的知名专家,就耕地增产潜力、农业水土资源与粮食生产、食物浪费、国际农产品贸易、重点农产品保供稳供、全球农业食物系统、双循环与企业行动、全球粮食生产与消费、国际粮安治理、粮食安全研究前沿等领域进行了一对一的交流访谈。访谈结果表明：全球农业食物系统进入复合型高风险时代,国际粮安治理面临资源、约束力、行动力等方面的挑战,凸显国家粮食安全尤其是进口依赖型农产品的保供稳供压力,需要加强国内农业供给侧改革与需求侧管理。全球化发生新变化,考验中国深化农业对外开放、参与全球粮安治理、实现国家粮食安全的能力水平。面对复杂的国际国内形势,国家粮食安全治理需要坚持系统思维、统筹国内国际、瞄准全产业链、强调风险管控、处理好政府与市场关系,进一步深入研究食物系统和粮食安全、生态系统和粮食安全、高质量发展与粮食安全、农业对外开放与粮食安全、双循环新格局与粮食安全等方面的具体方式路径,为新时期建立健全“以我为主、立足国内、确保产能、适度进口、科技支撑”的国家粮食安全战略提供科学参考。     

我国餐厅食物浪费现状调查及影响因素分析

当前,伴随着餐饮业高度发展,食物浪费现象也十分严重。以2000—2010年、1960—1999年出生,餐饮消费金额低于3 000元/月的在校学生和工薪阶层为消费群体,在传统餐厅、自助餐、快餐(小吃)就餐场所进行问卷调研,分析不同类型餐厅就餐的食物浪费现状及意识因素。利用Excel、SPSS等软件结合数理统计理论,统计分析消费者食物浪费现状及原因,运用结构方程模型结合计划行为理论,针对消费者食物浪费的行为意愿进行分析及预测,并通过接受者操作特性曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)验证影响消费者意识因素的预测概率模型的拟合效果。结果显示:消费者在不同类型餐厅就餐时,食物浪费程度为传统餐厅>自助餐厅>快餐(小吃),公务活动为消费者食物浪费的主要就餐场合,其主要原因为菜不合胃口、菜品分量大等;相较于女性,男性更易浪费食物;2000—2010年、1990—1999年出生的消费者食物浪费程度较高,随着年龄的增长食物浪费程度呈逐渐下降趋势;结构方程模型的分析和预测发现,个人行为态度和感知行为控制间接影响消费者食物浪费的行为意愿,可通过引导和改善消费者的意识和态度减少食物浪费。研究发现,消费者减少食物浪费的途径包括打包剩餐、选择自我偏爱的食物等,餐厅要积极引导消费者勤俭节约和剩餐打包意识,可通过提供精美礼品、建立会员制等方式减少食物浪费。