The Interactive Effects of Fire and Diversity on Short-Term Responses of Ecosystem Processes in Experimental Mediterranean Grasslands

We conducted a field experiment using constructed communities to test whether species richness contributed to the maintenance of ecosystem processes under fire disturbance. We studied the effects of diversity components (i.e., species richness and species composition) upon productivity, structural traits of vegetation, decomposition rates, and soil nutrients between burnt and unburnt experimental Mediterranean grassland communities. Our results demonstrated that fire and species richness had interactive effects on aboveground biomass production and canopy structure components. Fire increased biomass production of the highest-richness communities. The effects of fire on aboveground biomass production at different levels of species richness were derived from changes in both vertical and horizontal canopy structure of the communities. The most species-rich communities appeared to be more resistant to fire in relation to species-poor ones, due to both compositional and richness effects. Interactive effects of fire and species richness were not important for belowground processes. Decomposition rates increased with species richness, related in part to increased levels of canopy structure traits. Fire increased soil nutrients and long-term decomposition rate. Our results provide evidence that composition within richness levels had often larger effects on the stability of aboveground ecosystem processes in the face of fire disturbance than species richness per se.     

有机废水资源化技术--发酵产氢

氢作为一种清洁高效的可再生能源日益受到人们的重视.利用有机废水发酵产氢,既保护环境又可获得氢能,是一条符合可持续发展战略的废水资源化途径,极具发展前景.本文介绍了发酵产氢微生物的种类及其产氢机理,对发酵产氢的影响因素进行了分析;总结了有机废水发酵产氢的研究现状,并探讨了今后的研究方向.     

中温和高温厌氧生物产氢反应器连续运行的研究

采用2个厌氧生物产氢反应器分别在中温(37℃)和高温(55℃)下连续运行.以河底沉积物接种,葡萄糖为基质,在CSTR中成功实现了连续中温厌氧产氢,最高产氢量达8.6L/(L·d),基质产氢摩尔比(H₂/葡萄糖)为1.98.以厌氧产甲烷颗粒污泥接种,蔗糖为基质,在UASB反应器中成功实现了连续高温厌氧产氢过程,最高产氢量达6.8L/(L·d),基质产氢摩尔比(H₂/蔗糖)为3.6.在高温UASB反应器中培养获得了灰白色的产氢颗粒污泥,平均粒径为0.8～1.2mm,沉速为30～40m/h,电镜观察发现其表层生长大量杆状细菌.对2种产氢污泥的总DNA进行提取和纯化,通过PCR扩增和DGGE分析,发现高温和中温厌氧产氢污泥中的大部分真细菌种类相同,但各自的优势菌种明显不同.     

城市有机垃圾间歇厌氧消化pH控制动力学研究

对厌氧消化系统的物料及电离平衡进行分析,利用底物降解和微生物生长动力学建立城市有机垃圾间歇厌氧消化pH值控制模型,并研制开发了间歇厌氧消化过程pH值与产气量最优化计算机软件.运用该模型可预测不同厌氧消化过程的最佳pH值,从而通过控制厌氧系统的pH值使系统产气量达到最大,通过2组对比实验验证模型的有效性.结果表明,在相同的实验条件下厌氧系统的pH控制在最佳值时系统产气较未对pH值控制时稳定,且总产气量平均提高20%左右.     

矿物材料对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响研究

在试验的基础上研究了3种矿物材料膨润土、斜发沸石、粉煤灰对富含钠离子的餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,在发酵温度为35℃、底物固含量(TS)为10%、添加物用量为1%(质量分数,以消化底物计)时,膨润土、沸石粉、粉煤灰对含盐餐厨垃圾的厌氧发酵消化液中的钠离子具有良好的吸附性能,吸附率分别为13.75%、10.11%、7.99%.在未使用无机矿物的情况下,当钠离子浓度为3000～4000mg·L-1时,含盐餐厨垃圾的的厌氧消化过程受到Na 离子的明显抑制.从产气量分析,3种矿物材料均能明显促进餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化过程,与空白对照试组相比,膨润土、斜发沸石、粉煤灰分别使产气量提高了131%、82%和45%.三者对甲烷气产量的促进影响强弱顺序是,膨润土＞斜发沸石＞粉煤灰.初步讨论了这3种矿物材料提高餐厨垃圾厌氧消化甲烷产量的作用机理.     

移动通信技术发展对安全生产影响研究*

为了深入揭示安全生产水平同移动通信技术发展的内在联系,提出安全生产信息技术能力的概念及其监控管理连接、救援响应监测、定位导航追踪3方面子能力的定义,进而通过构建3方面子能力同移动通信主要性能指标之间的关系模型（SPITCMC）,并对其进行深入分析和研究。研究结果表明:SPITCMC模型可以准确诠释过去移动通信技术发展对安全生产水平产生的影响,同时可用于预判未来移动通信技术发展对安全生产可能产生的影响程度,从而为后续相关工作的开展提供参考和借鉴。     

Environmental pollution,hydropower and nuclear energy generation before and after catastrophe: Bathtub-Weibull curve and MS-VECM methods

In this paper, the life span of hydro and nuclear energy generations and the relationship between hydro and nuclear energy generations, environmental pollution, and economic growth were investigated for Japan covering the period of 1960–2018 by employing the Bathtub-Weibull curve and Markov switching-vector error correcting (MSVEC) method, respectively. According to the Bathtub-Weibull curve analysis, a rising failure rate for nuclear energy was found, indicating that the life of nuclear energy has expired, but a decreasing failure rate for hydroelectric energy has been detected. Then two different MSVEC models were used. The MSVEC method, unlike traditional approaches, determines the relationship between variables under different regimes. The results of MSVEC methods indicate three important points. First, regime-dependent asymmetry and regime changes are crucial for policy recommendations. Second, the shocks to hydropower and nuclear energy generations cause temporary deviations from the long-run growth path in both regimes. Lastly, the increase in hydropower generation leads to a decrease in environmental pollution and an increase in GDP, and an increase in nuclear power generation increases pollution and growth in both regimes.     

Degradation of polyacrylamide (PAM) and methane production by mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion: Effect of temperature and concentration

• PAM degradation in thermophilic AD in comparison with mesophilic AD. • PAM degradation and its impact on thermophilic and mesophilic AD. • Enhanced methane yield in presence of PAM during thermophilic and mesophilic AD. • PAM degradation and microbial community analysis in thermophilic and mesophilic AD. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is generally employed in wastewater treatment processes such as sludge dewatering and therefore exists in the sludge. Furthermore, it degrades slowly and can deteriorate methane yield during anaerobic digestion (AD). The impact or fate of PAM in AD under thermophilic conditions is still unclear. This study mainly focuses on PAM degradation and enhanced methane production from PAM-added sludge during 15 days of thermophilic (55°C) AD compared to mesophilic (35°C) AD. Sludge and PAM dose from 10 to 50 g/kg TSS were used. The results showed that PAM degraded by 76% to 78% with acrylamide (AM) content of 0.2 to 3.3 mg/L in thermophilic AD. However, it degraded only 27% to 30% with AM content of 0.5 to 7.2 mg/L in mesophilic AD. The methane yield was almost 230 to 238.4 mL/g VSS on the 8th day in thermophilic AD but was 115.2 to 128.6 mL/g VSS in mesophilic AD. Mechanism investigation revealed that thermophilic AD with continuous stirring not only enhanced PAM degradation but also boosted the organics release from the sludge with added PAM and gave higher methane yield than mesophilic AD.     

新疆番茄酱企业生产废水处理利用方式探析

近年来,新疆番茄酱加工业得到了迅速发展,目前番茄酱的产销量已占全国的90%以上。与此同时,新疆番茄酱生产企业的废水排放量也大幅增加,大量未经处理的废水直接排放,已对当地的水环境构成严重的污染隐患。本文分析了新疆番茄酱企业生产废水的排放特征与目前排放出路的可行性,并结合新疆的自然地理条件及番茄酱企业的分布情况,着重探讨了土地处理这一适合新疆的废水利用方式,以期有利于新疆的环境保护和废水资源的循环利用。     

油脂对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响

探究了油脂对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明,油脂对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响与油脂的含量相关。当油脂质量分数由0提高至30%时,生物气的产量(以挥发性悬浮固体VSS计)也由385 m L/g提高至489 m L/g,然而继续升高油脂含量会抑制生物产气。机理分析表明,适当提高油脂含量能够提高有机物的溶出、VSS的减量以及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的积累,从而为微生物提供了良好的条件。过高含量的油脂会抑制有机物溶出和VFA的积累。