四川省酸性降水范围,趋势预测及其对农作物,蔬菜生长影响估损

本文在综述四川酸性降水范围、发展趋势预测的基础上，根据野外调查、现场考察和有关资料，阐述了酸雨形成的多种污染源及其对农业生态系统的危害。着重分析和论证了酸沉降（含酸雨、酸雾）对农作蔬菜的影响，并对酸沉降形成的主要几种污染影响范围和造成的经济损失采用分项估算法。估算公式为：Ｓ农损＝Ｄ粮损×ｇ×Ｊ＋Ｅ蔬损×ｇ×Ｊ＋Ｆ油损×ｇ×Ｊ，式中Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ分别代表粮食、蔬菜、油菜受酸沉降污染危害影响面积，ｇ为每亩面积减产数量，Ｊ为单位产量价格。根据公式估算，经济损失为０５９－０６６亿元／年，取平均值≈Ｓ农损，总共为０６３亿元／年。     

全球增暖对自然灾害的可能影响

近年来，气候对环境的影响已受到全球科学家越来越多的重视，中国是一个有１１亿人口的大国，生态环境较为脆弱，全球变暖将严重影响我国社会与经济生活的各个方面。本文初步研究了全球变暖对自然灾害的可能影响。结果表明，在大气ＣＯ２含量加倍的情况下，全球变暖将可能导致暴雨频度和洪涝风险增加，西北干旱趋势仍将延续；森林火灾、台风、滑坡与泥石泫灾害可能加剧；农林病虫害危害增加，范围扩大。同时，全球变暖导致的海平面上     

室内火灾温度的预测方法及其分析

室内火灾温度是火灾科学中非常重要的参数之一，它对火灾防护有着重要的作用。本文以轰燃为分界点，总结归纳了目前国际上采用的轰燃前后室内火灾温度的预测方法。对每一种方法的使用条件及优缺点作了分析。同时对轰燃前后的各种温度预测方法分别作了简要的对比。最后根据前面的分析推荐了作者认为实用性较强的几种方法．     

城郊旅游的潜在市场特征及产品开发--以合肥市为例

城市郊区已成为旅游的热点区域,合肥市对行政区域进行划分后,正着手大力开发城郊旅游.为了使合肥城郊旅游业的发展更具科学性,在实地调查基础上,分析了合肥城郊旅游潜在的市场特征,得出其城郊旅游开发市场潜力巨大;在分析外来旅游者及市民的城郊旅游意向基础上探讨了合肥城郊旅游产品开发,认为新城郊区旅游功能可定位为水上休闲度假娱乐中心和生态农业观光园区;最后提出合肥城郊旅游科学开发的几点建议.     

A product analysis-based study on the mechanism of inflammable gas explosion suppression

To study the mechanism of the suppressing effect of Expanded Aluminium (EA) on the premixed gas explosion, premixed methane-air and propane-air gases were undergone explosion reaction in the presence of EA in a self-designed closed pipeline with the overpressures and the compositions, rates and sensitivities of products analyzed. The results showed that the 9.5% methane-air and 5% propane-air explosions produced peak pressures decreased by 79.3% and 65.6%, and residual methane and propane contents increased by 270% and 560% respectively than without EA. In addition, the results revealed that the explosions of propane in the presence of EA produced less methane and carbon oxides contents, but more ethylene and propylene contents. The simulation showed that H, O, and OH are the key factors affecting the rate of products. The product compositions, together with other parameters, suggested that EA decreased temperature, inhibited chain initiation and propagation reaction, but facilitated chain termination reaction by advancing and accelerating the gas phase and wall destruction reaction of radicals, especially collisions and concentration of key free radicals. This new research method based on the analysis of explosion products can be used for in-depth research into gas explosion features and shed light on the suppressing mechanism of EA in flammable gas explosion.     

Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water: The benefit of isotope dilution

• Isotope dilution method was developed for the determination of 27 PPCPs in water. • The established method was successfully applied to different types of water samples. • The correction effect of corresponding 27 ILSs over 70 d was investigated. • Benefit of isotopic dilution method was illustrated for three examples. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging and non-persistent contaminants. In this study, 27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards (ILSs) were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river, effluent and influent sewage. The corrected recoveries were 73%–122% with the relative standard deviation (RSD)<16%, except for acetaminophen. The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22% and the method quantitation limits (MQLs) were 0.45–8.6 ng/L. The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples. The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days, and the ILSs-corrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences. The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%–140% with the recovery variation<37% in all cases. The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.     

Research on the degradation mechanism of pyridine in drinking water by dielectric barrier discharge

Pyridine, an important chemical raw material, is widely used in industry, for example in textiles,leather, printing, dyeing, etc. In this research, a dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) system was developed to remove pyridine, as a representative type of nitrogen heterocyclic compound in drinking water. First, the influence of the active species inhibitors tertiary butanol alcohol(TBA),HCO_3~-, and CO_3~(2-)on the degradation rate of pyridine was investigated to verify the existence of active species produced by the strong ionization discharge in the system. The intermediate and final products generated in the degradation process of pyridine were confirmed and analyzed through a series of analytical techniques, including liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry(LC–MS), high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), ion chromatography(IC), total organic carbon(TOC) analysis, ultraviolet(UV) spectroscopy, etc. The results showed that the degradation of pyridine was mainly due to the strong oxidizing power of ozone and hydroxyl radical produced by the DBD system. Several intermediate products including 3-hydroxyl pyridine, fumaric acid, 2, 3-dihydroxypyridine, and oxalic acid were detected. Nitrogen was removed from the pyridine molecule to form nitrate. Through analysis of the degradation mechanism of pyridine, the oxidation pathway was deduced. The study provided a theoretical and experimental basis for the application of DBD strong ionization discharge in treatment of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds in drinking water.     

单光子/光电子在线质谱实时分析聚氯乙烯热分解/燃烧产物

实验室研制了低能光电子磁场增强电离(MEPEI)和单光子电离(SPI)复合电离源,该电离源具有电离化合物范围宽、碎片离子少、质谱图简单等优点,结合飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)实现了聚氯乙烯(PVC)热分解/燃烧产物的在线分析.针对不同的目标化合物,MEPEI/SPI复合电离源通过调节电离区电场强度,可以快速在SPI和SPI-MEPEI之间切换.PVC热分解/燃烧产物中电离能大于光子能量(10.60 eV)的HCl和CO2(12.74 eV、13.77 eV)利用MEPEI模式电离;而烯烃、二氯乙烯、苯系物、氯苯、苯乙烯、茚满及萘系物等可通过SPI-MEPEI复合模式电离.通过实时监测PVC主要燃烧产物的信号强度随温度的变化趋势可推断出,PVC燃烧产物主要是通过两种机制生成:①250～370℃时,PVC发生脱氯及分子内环化反应,产生大量的HCl、苯和萘;②380～510℃时,PVC发生分子间交联反应,生成烷基芳烃,如甲苯和二甲苯/乙苯等.实验结果表明,SPI/SPI-MEPEI复合离子源TOF-MS分析速度快,应用范围广,在在线分析中具有广泛的应用前景.     

浅议环境法的绿色专利

人们通常强调新颖性和经济效用的一个创新,而忽略了对环境造成的影响。这一思想体现到制度设计专利制度。一般来说,如果能够通过三个条件：新颖性、实用性和创新性,可授予专利。这种制度设计制约思维过程中创新者的回报,他们努力发明一件新颖的且有利可图的专利,但是忽略了对环境造成的影响。因此,牺牲的最终是环境。在这项研究中,试图探索一种体制上的补救。在为了改变科技发展的方向,建议完善政策背景下的创新,特别是专利制度。引进一个新的考核标准,绿色专利制度,并探讨其可行性和可能带来的影响。通过把这项环保的关注到专利审查,专利制度可以鼓励创新发明的＂创新,实用和绿色＂的产品以及程序,称之为＂绿色专利＂。     

能源承载力预测分析方法的研究与应用研究

能源需求和人口、经济密切相关。能源需求分析是在一定的人口和经济增长假设下进行的。从投入产出角度看,能源需求的高低取决于终端需求与满足终端需求的中间过程。经济结构的变化,经济增长模式的选择,技术进步,优质能源的可获得性,环境保护要求等因素会对终端需求和中间过程产生影响。由于资源对国家和地区的重要性,资源承载力的研究显得尤为重要。因此有必要对一个区域的能源需求量作出预测和分析,提高区域发展和管理的科学性,从而实现区域的可持续发展。