爆炸形成过程中火焰加速的试验研究

为预防和控制工业爆炸事故,并为脉冲爆轰发动机的研究提供理论指导,分析火焰加速导致的燃烧转爆轰过程的影响因素。采用爆轰管探讨障碍物的阻塞比、混合物的组成、初始压力和点火能等4个因素对爆炸性气体火焰速度和爆轰压力的影响规律。试验结果表明:障碍物的存在能大大提高火焰速度和爆轰压力;爆轰压力随管内障碍物阻塞比的增大先变大后减小,并在阻塞比为0.498,燃料种类为天然气,化学当量比为1时达到最大;爆轰压力还随混合气体初始压力的增大和点火能的提高而增大。选择适宜的条件可大大提高火焰加速速率,促进燃烧向爆轰过程转变。     

基于分形学的瓦斯爆炸事故时序数据分析模型及应用

针对煤矿瓦斯爆炸灾害子系统的复杂非线性动力学特性,以南方某省1958—2007年的煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故发生数构建时间序列,应用霍斯特时间序列数据的标度行为,提出瓦斯爆炸时间序列的重标极差分析(R/S分析)方法。结果表明:瓦斯爆炸时间序列的霍斯特指数为0.550 2,分形维数为1.449 8,其分式布朗运动轨迹表现出一定的持久性和非高斯性。为诊断瓦斯爆炸事故时间序列变异年份,对时间序列进行分段R/S分析,获得变异年份为1974年,以1974年为分界点构成2个时间序列,霍斯特指数分别为0.589 1和0.697 5,分形维数为1.410 9和1.302 5,与煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故时间序列的持久性趋势一致。煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故时间序列看似无序却蕴藏规律,反映了系统的动力学变化特征,R/S分析方法可以描述煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故时间序列的动力学特征。     

Numerical simulation of propane detonation in medium and large scale geometries

A modelling strategy has been developed for consequence analysis of medium and large scale gaseous detonation. The model is based on the solution of Euler equations with one-step chemistry. The Van Leer flux limited method which is a total variation diminishing scheme is used for shock capturing. Preliminary calculations were firstly conducted for small domains with fine grids which resolve the wave, relatively coarse grids which have less than 10 grids across the wave and coarse grids in which the minimum grid size is larger than the wave thickness to ensure that the reaction scheme has been properly tuned to capture the correct detonation pressure, temperature and velocity in the resolutions used in the different cases. The model was firstly tested against a medium scale detonation test in a shock tube with U-bends. Reasonably good agreement is achieved on detonation pressure and mean shock wave velocities at different measuring segments of the tube. Following the validation, the detonation of a hypothetical planar propane-air cloud is simulated. The predictions uncovered some interesting features of such large scale detonation phenomena which are of significance in the safety context, especially for accidental investigations. The findings from the present analysis are in line with the forensic evidence on damages in some historic accidents and challenges previous analysis of a major accident in which forensic evidence suggested localised detonation but was considered as the consequence of fire storms by the investigation team.     

Dispersion of the vapour cloud in the Buncefield Incident

Dispersion of the flammable vapour cloud in the 2005 Buncefield Incident is examined. Footage from security cameras around the site is analysed and the results from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the vapour dispersion are presented. It is shown that the shape of the terrain and the presence of obstacles significantly affected the dispersion of vapour from the overflowing tank. The CFD model is shown to produce similar qualitative behaviour to that observed in the incident, both in terms of the arrival time of the vapour cloud and its final depth.     

顶板瓦斯高抽巷合理抽放负压数值模拟研究

顶板瓦斯高抽巷的抽采效果与抽放负压直接相关.结合阳煤三矿K8206大采长综放 面顶板瓦斯高抽巷实际抽采效果,通过数值模拟与现场实测数据分析,得出顶板瓦斯高抽巷 抽采正常期最优抽放负压,以期对高瓦斯矿区顶板瓦斯高抽巷的合理抽放参数确定提供科学依据,实现矿井的煤与瓦斯安全高效共采.     

现场测定煤层透气性系数计算方法的优化研究

为深入分析瓦斯在煤层内流动的阻力特性,根据煤层瓦斯径向不稳定流动理论,探讨煤层透气性系数的本质内涵及物理意义,指出其现场应用过程中存在的不足。基于无因次流量准数Y和时间准数F0之间的关系,对系数a,b值进行修正,提出透气性系数公式的优化计算方法。给出对比2种计算方法的现场应用实例。结果表明,优化方法的计算过程不必采用试算,计算结果的相对误差小于2%,可满足现场应用的实际要求。依据现场测定值可计算出AB的区间范围,据此可直接选择相应公式计算煤层透气性系数。     

实验室煤与瓦斯突出模拟试验回顾及展望

为借鉴国内外煤与瓦斯突出模拟试验研究成果,查阅大量相关文献,进行分析和总结。以人们对煤与瓦斯突出试验研究的深入程度为主线,将实验室煤与瓦斯突出模拟试验的研究历程进行阶段划分。研究表明:20世纪50—60年代,成功诱导了突出,初步考察诸因素对突出的影响;70—90年代,深入探究突出发生的力学判据及突出过程,并提出数十种有关突出机理方面的假说;21世纪初,以组建三维模拟试验台进行试验为特点,大大提高了模拟试验条件与现场的相似度,但在力学加载系统的稳定性和可调性、模型的整体密封性、测试探头的精度等方面仍需改进。     

Advances in the treatment of multi-pollutant flue gas in China's building materials industry

In most of the world's building material industries, the control of flue gas pollutants mainly focuses on a single pollutant. However, given the large capacity and high contribution of China's building materials industry to global air pollution, the need to develop multi-pollutant emission reduction technology is urgent. Recently, China has focused on reducing the emissions of flue gas pollutants in the building materials industry, established many key research and development projects, and gradually implemented more stringent pollutant emission limits. This project focuses on the most recent advances in flue gas emission control technology in China's building materials industry, including denitration, dust removal, desulfurization, synergistic multi-pollutant emission reduction, and the construction of pilot research and demonstration projects for pollutant removal in several building material industries. On this basis, revised pollutant limits in flue gas emitted in China's building material industry are proposed.     

南京城市大气氨-铵的高频演化及其气粒转化机制

本研究于2018年秋季利用在线气体和气溶胶组分监测仪以高时间分辨率连续测定南京市大气中的气体(主要是NH_3)与二次无机气溶胶(主要是NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))浓度,借此研究污染和非污染期城市大气NH_3和NH_4~+的演化规律,进而探讨NH_3-NH_4~+气粒转化过程中的化学机制.结果表明,观测期间NH_3和NH_4~+浓度的平均值(±1σ)分别为(15. 3±6. 7)μg·m-3和(11. 3±7. 8)μg·m-3,且日变化在污染和非污染事件中呈现出显著的差异.综合在线观测的NH_3和NH_4~+浓度数据,通过计算潜在源贡献因子,分析了NH_3和NH_4~+的潜在贡献源区在重污染过程受长距离污染传输影响较小,证明城市也是NH_3排放的重要热点地区.进一步分析发现,NH_3-NH_4~+的气粒转化是影响NH_3和NH_4~+日变化的主要驱动因子.具体体现在:低温、高湿(温度在7. 5～12. 5℃,湿度在50%～90%)时,NH_3和NH_4~+的气固转化速度较快,NH_3与酸性物质反应生成更多的NH_4~+,使得(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形成从而导致污染事件的加剧.研究结果有助于厘清城市大气NH_3的来源和转化机制及其对颗粒物的潜在贡献.     

霾不同发展阶段下污染气体和水溶性离子变化特征分析

为探讨霾不同阶段下大气污染物的变化特征,使用MARGA观测了2018年11月18日～12月7日长三角地区一次区域霾过程中前体污染气体(NH_3、HNO_3、SO_2)和8种水溶性离子浓度.结合环保数据(PM_(2.5)、NO_2、CO、O_3)和气象数据,分析此次区域霾过程的成因、大气污染物的日变化特征以及在霾不同阶段下大气污染物的分布特征.结果表明,此次霾过程中长三角地区主要受到高压脊控制,天气形势稳定,有利于大气污染物累积.霾天时PM_(2.5)、NO_2、NO_3-、SO_24-、NH_4+、Cl-和Na+的浓度分别为(118. 91±39. 23)、(61. 62±26. 34)、(45. 64±16. 01)、(18. 80±8. 02)、(20. 82±7. 16)、(3. 02±2. 25)和(0. 23±0. 22)μg·m-3,分别是干净天的2. 73、1. 63、2. 64、1. 94、2. 50、2. 05和2. 56倍;霾天CO的浓度为(1. 34±0. 39)mg·m-3,是干净天的1. 86倍.不同大气污染物的日变化特征不同.霾不同阶段下大气污染物的分布特征不同.SO_2的浓度在霾发生阶段最高; PM_(2.5)、NO_2、NH_3、CO和SNA的浓度在霾发展阶段最高; O_3、Cl-、Na+和K+的浓度在霾消散阶段最高.SNA在霾不同阶段下对PM_(2.5)的相对贡献可达94%～96%,且在发展阶段的增速最大,增速排序为NO_3- NH_4+ SO_24-. SNA在干净天、发生阶段和发展阶段以NH_4NO_3为主,在消散阶段(NH_4)2SO4为主.此次霾过程主要由NO_3-增长导致,NO_3-在霾发生、发展和消散阶段对PM_(2.5)的相对贡献分别为51. 06%、51. 85%和48. 22%,主要通过气相均相反应生成.