长江中下游地区21世纪气候变化情景预测

利用IPCC数据分发中心提供的7个模式的模拟结果,分析了由于人类活动影响,温室气体(GG)增加以及温室气体和硫化物气溶胶(GS)共同增加时,长江中下游地区未来50～100年的气候变化情景.结果表明,长江中下游地区21世纪的未来温度变化与全球和全国一样,都将呈增加的趋势.GG作用下,2050年和2100年长江中下游地区的变暖幅度分别为2.2℃和4.5℃左右,比全国以及东部和西部地区的变暖幅度小;GS作用下2050年和2100年,其分别为1.2℃和3.9℃,总体上,长江中下游地区的变暖幅度低于全球与全国的变暖幅度.各个季节相比,春季和冬季的增温幅度最大,夏季最小,在两种情形下,长江中下游地区21世纪中期夏季温度将分别增加2.3和0.8℃,2100年将分别增加4.1和3.1℃.对降水变化的分析表明,GG作用下,长江中下游地区与全球、全国以及中国西部和东部地区相比,降水增加的幅度最大;GS作用下,降水增加趋势不明显;综合7个模式的模拟结果,GG作用下,春季和秋季降水增加最明显,夏季次之;GS作用下,长江中下游地区的年平均降水变化不明显,夏季降水增加.同时,本文还对长江中下游地区21世纪中期和末期的温度和降水变化的地理分布进行了分析,两种情形下,都是长江以北的增温幅度大于长江以南.GG作用下,春季长江中下游地区21世纪中期降水将增加5%～7.5%,夏季则是长江下游地区降水增加较大,将增加10%,而长江中游地区降水增加不明显;21世纪末,春季和夏季长江中下游地区的降水增加幅度都将加大,尤其是长江以南地区的降水增加最明显;考虑GG和GS的共同影响后,长江以南的地区降水增加,长江以北地区降水减少.     

北京城区大气CH4浓度及其变化规律

研究表明:北京城区大气CH4浓度日变化总特征是白天浓度低,夜间浓度高;大气CH4浓度季节变化呈明显的双峰模态,分别在夏末和冬季各出现一个峰,冬季峰值主要是人为源造成的;1985-2000年,北京城区大气CH4摩尔分数平均值为(1 883.4±73.0) nmol/mol,年平均增长率为0.82%,均比全球平均水平高,但20世纪90年代的增长速率比80年代末期低.      

通风策略对污泥生物干化过程中含氮气体和甲烷排放的影响

我国污泥生物干化过程中含氮气体(NH_3、N_2O、NO)排放的数据十分缺乏,尤其是NO,因其化学性质极其活泼,在以往的研究中甚少涉及.本研究以东北某大型污泥生物干化厂的连续流强制通风槽式污泥生物干化为研究对象,通过现场试验,考察不同通风策略下干化效率以及含氮气体、温室气体的排放特征.结果表明,当污泥初始含水率约50%时,采用前期供氧为主、中期温度控制为主、后期以除湿和散热为目的的通风策略,可以明显加快污泥干化速率(试验组在第11 d时的含水率为36.6%,对照组为42%),提升干化效果(最终含水率试验组为33.6%,对照组为37.6%),减少氨气累积排放量5%(试验组氨气累积排放为208 mg·m~(-3),对照组为219.8 mg·m~(-3));同时降低温室气体累积排放当量[试验组每吨干物料的温室气体排放当量(eCO_2)为3.61 kg·t~(-1),对照组为3.73 kg·t~(-1)].但NO累积排放量试验组比对照组高出15.9%(试验组为1.9g·m~(-2),对照组为1.6 g·m~(-2)).     

水稻土中甲硫氨酸分解释放挥发性含硫气体的影响因素

为了探讨水稻土中含硫气体产生和释放的途径 ,在室内培养条件下 ,测定了南京水稻土中含硫气体的释放 .从该淹水土壤中测出 3种含硫气体 ;羰基硫 (COS)、二甲基硫 (DMS)和少量硫化氢 (H₂S)气体 .当土壤中加入甲硫氨酸后 ,DMS气体的释放量有了明显增加 ,此外还有大量甲硫醇 (CH₃SH)和二甲基二硫 (DMDS)气体测出 .而 COS在好氧条件 (普通大气淹水 )下的释放量明显增加 ,在厌氧条件 (充氮淹水 )下的释放量变化不明显 ;只有 H₂S的释放量几乎没变 .这些结果表明 ,甲硫氨酸的分解可能是 COS、DMS、CH₃SH和 DMDS的产生源之一 ,且释放含硫气体的种类明显不同于胱氨酸和半胱氨酸 .在好氧 (普通大气 )条件下 ,DMDS和 CH₃SH的释放量低于厌氧情况 (充氮气 )下的释放量 ,DMS则高于厌氧条件下的释放量 .这表明 ,水稻土中甲硫氨酸分解产生 DMDS和 CH3SH需较强的还原条件 ,产生这 2种气体的微生物需要严格的厌氧条件 .产生 DMS的微生物则比前者需要高一些的含氧量 .土壤 pH值和含水量及光照对甲硫氨酸分解释放含硫气体均有影响 .各含硫气体在持水率 50%、普通大气、光照条件下的释放量明显高于无光照条件下的释放量 .     

二氧化碳的失汇

温室气体的大量排放所造成温室效应的加剧是全球变暖的基本原因。全球和区域碳循环已成为全球气候变化研究的重要内容之一。碳汇的巨大功能深受世人瞩目,影响碳汇增加因素的研究也越加必要。     

炉渣与生物炭施加对福州平原水稻田温室气体排放的后续影响

为了探讨炉渣与生物炭施加对稻田温室气体的排放是否具有后续效应,于2015年早、晚稻秧苗移栽前对稻田进行施加生物炭(B)、炉渣(S)和生物炭+炉渣(混施)处理(BS),以不施加处理作为对照(CK). 2 a后(2017年)在早、晚稻生长期,分别测定了不同试验组稻田温室气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的排放通量.结果表明,在水稻生长期,对照、生物炭、炉渣和混施处理CO₂的平均排放通量分别为(1 723. 66±194. 56)、(1 245. 52±155. 05)、(1 140. 29±79. 68)和(1 055. 83±62. 13) mg·(m²·h)^-1,生物炭、炉渣和混施这3种施加处理CO₂的排放通量均比对照组有显著降低(P <0. 05),降低比例分别达27. 74%、33. 84%和38. 75%. CH₄的平均排放通量为(0. 45±0. 03)、(0. 40±0. 05)、(0. 36±0. 10...     

An improved model for heavy gas dispersion using time-varying wind data: Mathematical basis,physical assumptions,and case studies

This study developed an improved model for the dispersion of released toxic gases, SLABi, based on the widely used model SLAB. Two major improvements enhanced the model's ability to represent observations. First, SLAB was upgraded to account for temporal variation in wind vectors. Thus, real-time changes in meteorological conditions can be considered in dispersion forecasting. Second, a source term module was developed and embedded in SLABi to standardize the procedure of emission calculation. Both the standard SLAB model and the SLABi model were applied to a case study to evaluate the impact of time-varying winds on the dispersion of released gases. The results showed that meteorology has a significant influence on the dispersion of released gases. The SLABi model can provide decision makers with timely and accurate guidance, so as to minimize hazards to people and the environment.     

10t／h冲天炉排烟除尘采用振打式玻纤扁袋除尘器实践

本除尘器占地小，钢耗能耗省，滤袋寿命长，适合老厂房的护、窑排烟除尘治理改造；并介绍了调试后投入使用的情况．     

Abatement of waste gases and water during the processes of semiconductor fabrication

The purpose of this article is to examine the methods and equipment for abating waste gases and water produced during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. Three separating methods and equipment are used to control three different groups of electronic wastes. The first group includes arsine and phosphine emitted during the processes of semiconductor materials manufacture. The abatement procedure for this group of pollutants consists of adding iodates, cupric and manganese salts to a multiple shower tower ( MST ) structure. The second group includes pollutants containing arsenic, phosphorus, HF, HCI, NO2, and SO3 emitted during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. The abatement procedure involves mixing oxidants and bases in an oval column with a separator in the middle. The third group consists of the ions of As, P and heavy metals contained in the waste water. The abatement procedure includes adding CaCO3 and ferric salts in a flocculation-sedimentation compact device equipment. Test results showed that all waste gases and water after the abatement orocedures oresented in this article passed the discharge standards set by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China.     

Liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of smelting-gases containing SO2 in low concentration

In order to approach an applicable method of purifying smelting-gases containing SO₂ in low concentration, the catalytic oxidation of SO₂ in low concentration in smelting-gas, using Mn⁺², Fe⁺² and Zn⁺² in liquid-phase, was performed separately in a foam absorbing column in a copper smelter. The absorption solution, containing metal ions in an optimal proportion according to an orthogonal test, demonstrates an improved purification capability for smelting-gas. When the concentration of H₂SO₄ in the solution rises to 20%, the removal efficiency of SO₂ in smelting-gas can be still maintained above 85%. The method is demonstrably effective for the waste gas treatment at small and mid-scale smelters of non-ferrous metals.