地幔源气体的CO_2/~3He特征及其地质意义

全球范围内的洋中脊玄武岩 (MORB)玻璃及气泡具有均一的CO2 /3He比率(CO2 摩尔数与3He摩尔数之比 ) ,为 ( 2～ 7)× 1 0 9,这表明通过洋中脊体系释放的幔源气体具有基本恒定的CO2 /3He比率。地幔脱气的机理研究表明 ,MORB中的该比率反映的是初始MORB岩浆的挥发份特征 ,而气泡在MORB岩浆中的成核、生长和上升的活动过程所造成的CO2 -3He的分离是很有限的 ,这说明幔源气体具有特征的CO2 /3He比率。匈牙利潘诺尼亚盆地等一系列的研究实例表明 ,幔源气体的CO2 /3He比率特征能够可靠地估计地幔脱气的通量 ,并为大陆地区构造拉张背景下的地幔脱气研究提供了一个可靠的约束条件。     

Comparing Forecasts of the Global Impacts of Climate Change

This paper utilizes the predictions ofseveral Atmosphere-Ocean GeneralCirculation Models and the Global ImpactModel to create forecasts of the globalmarket impacts from climate change. Theforecasts of market impacts in 2100 varyconsiderably depending on climate scenariosand climate impact sensitivity. The modelsdo concur that tropical nations will behurt, temperate nations will be barelyaffected, and high latitude nations willbenefit. Although the size of theseeffects varies a great deal across models,the beneficial and harmful effects areoffsetting, so that the net impact on theglobe is relatively small in almost alloutcomes. Looking only at market impacts,the forecasts suggest that while the globalnet benefits of abatement are small, thedistribution of damages suggests a largeequity problem that could be addressedthrough a compensation program. The largeuncertainty surrounding these forecastsfurther suggests that continued monitoringof both the climate and impacts isworthwhile.     

生物法净化技术处理低浓度废气的应用

介绍了生物法净化技术在处理低浓度废气方面的应用以及各种废气的净化原理，主要包括挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）、CS2、H2S、SO2含硫废气、NOx等。     

酸雨判别基准值探讨

根据大气中实际存在的一些痕量气体(如SO_2,,H_2S,NH_3,HCl,HNO_3和HNO_2)的背景浓度的新近资料,利用化学平衡模式进行了计算。结果表明,这些本底痕量气体和降雨强度均影响降水的酸度,使其pH值在3.93—4.46范围内。此外,气溶胶的酸碱性和浓度也强烈影响降水的酸度。同时考虑大气中痕量气体背景浓度和碳酸钙后,降水的pH值在4.0—5.4之间。对降水酸度随降雨强度变化的规律,用Lowry-Bronsted的酸碱质子理论作了解释。     

垃圾卫生填埋场微量气体的产生及环境影响

概述了垃圾卫生填埋场微量气体的研究进展。阐明了微量气体的来源、产生和组成，论述了垃圾卫生填埋场微量气体对生态环境所产生的某些不良影响及其对人类健康的危害和所造成的恶臭问题等，提出要重视我国在填埋场微量气体方面的研究。     

农业废弃物对土壤中N_2O、CO_2释放和土壤氮素转化及pH的影响

用一种丹麦农业土壤作为供试材料，在室内培养条件下探讨了施用４种常见农业废弃物（猪粪泥浆、牛粪泥浆、黑麦秸秆、小麦秸秆）对土壤中Ｎ_２Ｏ、ＣＯ_２释放和土壤氮素转化及ｐＨ的影响。试验结果表明，施用４种农业废物均会明显增加Ｎ_２Ｏ、ＣＯ_２释放量。培养２周后，土壤中Ｎ_２Ｏ的释放量分别为：猪粪＞牛粪＞黑麦秸秆＞小麦秸秆；ＣＯ_２的释放量为：黑麦秸秆＞小麦秸秆＞牛粪＞猪粪。施用４种农业废物均会显著促进ＮＯ_３－Ｎ的转化和ＮＨ_４－Ｎ、ＮＯ_２－Ｎ的累积。施用４种废物均会改变土壤ｐＨ，其中施用秸秆的２个处理中ｐＨ显著降低，但施用牲畜粪便的２个处理中ｐＨ则稍微升高。     

天然气中N_2来源及其地球化学特征分析

天然气中N2的来源很多，其地球化学特征也不相同：①大气源N2：N2／Ar≤84，且δ15NN2≈0‰（ATM）；②地壳越深部和上地幔来源的原生N2∶δ15NN2≈-2‰～＋1‰．且伴生Ar的40Ar／36Ar＞2000和He的3He／4He＞10－6；③微生物反硝化作用生成的N2∶δ15NN2＜－10‰和地下水中NO3-及NO2-浓度异常高；④未成熟沉积有机质经微生物氨化作用形成的N2∶δ15NN2＜－10‰，伴生CK4的δ13C＜－55‰（PDB）；⑤成熟（包括高成熟）沉积有机质经热氨化作用形成的N2∶δ15NN2值≈-10‰～－1‰，且伴生CH4的δ13C≈－55‰～－30‰；⑥过成熟沉积有机质裂解产生的N2∶δ15NN2≈＋5‰～＋20‰；⑦沉积岩中无机及在高温变质作用下释放出的N2∶δ15NN2≈＋1‰～＋3．5‰，N2／Ar》84。     

Control of mercury vapor emissions from combustion flue gas

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Mercury (Hg) emission from combustion flue gas is a significant environmental concern due to its toxicity and high volatility. A number of the research efforts have been carried out in the past decade exploiting mercury emission, monitoring and control from combustion flue gases. Most recently, increasing activities are focused on evaluating the behavior of mercury in coal combustion systems and developing novel Hg control technologies. This is partly due to the new regulatory requirement on mercury emissions from coal-fired combustors to be enacted under the U.S. Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The aim of this review work is to better understand the state-of-the-art technologies of flue gas mercury control and identify the gaps of knowledge hence areas for further opportunities in research and development. MAIN FEATURES: This paper examines mercury behaviors in combustion systems through a comprehensive review of the available literature. About 70 published papers and reports were cited and studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This paper summarizes the mechanisms of formation of mercury containing compounds during combustion, its speciation and reaction in flue gas, as well as subsequent mobilization in the environment. It also provides a review of the current techniques designed for real-time, continuous emission monitoring (CEM) for mercury. Most importantly, current flue gas mercury control technologies are reviewed while activated carbon adsorption, a technology that offers the greatest potential for the control of gas-phase mercury emissions, is highlighted. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Although much progress has been achieved in the last decade, techniques developed for the monitoring and control of mercury from combustion flue gases are not yet mature and gaps in knowledge exist for further advancement. More R&D efforts are required for the effective control of Hg emissions and the main focuses are identified.     

生物法净化低浓度工业废气的技术进展

综述了生物法净化有害气体的发展历史与现状，介绍了有机废气、SO2、H2S、NOx废气处理的生物净化实验研究和工业应用情况。     

气相色谱法对本底大气氧化亚氮浓度的标气定量方法研究

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器法(GC-ECD)测量大气中氧化亚氮(N_2O)浓度是目前广泛使用的方法,但ECD分析N_2O时存在线性范围较窄的缺点,因此,标气数量和定量方式是决定分析结果的关键因素.基于此,本文对比分析了单点线性校正法(S)、多点线性拟合法(D)、单瓶标气近似校正法(SA)、单瓶标气比值校正法(SC)对N_2O检测分析结果的差异.结果表明,SA定量相对误差最小,对测试使用的6瓶标气定值平均误差为0.09×10~(-9).根据本底大气N_2O观测精度要求,以及我国大气N_2O浓度变化范围较大的特征,推荐选用SA法对大气中N_2O浓度进行定值.依据所选方法对黑龙江龙凤山本底站大气N_2O浓度进行观测(2015年1—12月),结果显示,黑龙江龙凤山站大气N_2O浓度最高值出现在4—5月,平均值超过330×10~(-9).该站大气N_2O浓度主要受人为活动排放的影响.