水葫芦-水草人工湿地系统在再生浆造纸废水处理中的应用研究

通过对水葫芦 -水草人工湿地处理再生浆造纸废水的试验研究表明 ,在进水pH 7 12～ 7 49,BOD5、CODCr、SS浓、度分别为 44 0 5mg/L、35 4 2mg/L、2 90 7mg/L ,水力负荷 0 0 5m/d的条件下 ,BOD5、CODCr、SS的去除率分别为98%、93%、和 89%。系统性能稳定 ,出水水质达到排放标准且可用于农灌     

EuroBionet: a pan-European biomonitoring network for urban air quality assessment

EuroBionet, the 'European Network for the Assessment of Air Quality by the Use of Bioindicator Plants', is an EU-funded cooperative project currently consisting of public authorities and scientific institutes from 12 cities in 8 countries. In 2000, the bioindicator plants tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Bel W3), poplar (Populus nigra 'Brandaris'), spiderwort (Tradescantia sp. clone 4430), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum italicum) and curly kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) were exposed to ambient air at 90 monitoring sites according to standardised methods. Visible injuries and growth parameters were assessed and the accumulation of toxic substances in leaves determined. The exposure of tobacco resulted in a gradient with low levels of ozone-induced foliar injury in N and NW Europe, and medium to high values in the southern and central regions. The results of heavy metal and sulphur analyses in rye grass samples generally showed low to very low sulphur and low to medium heavy metal concentrations in leaves. In some cities, however, local hot spots of heavy metal contamination were detected. Analyses of the PAH contents in curly kale leaves gave low to medium values, with locally elevated levels at traffic-exposed sites.     

广西南丹玉兰汞矿周边土壤-霸王草系统汞含量分布及污染研究

本文通过对玉兰汞矿及其周边地区土壤和植物(霸王草)汞含量分布及污染的调查和研究,旨在了解土壤和霸王草中的汞污染状况以及汞在土壤-霸王草系统中的迁移转化规律,进而为汞污染防治与修复提供科学依据。本次研究共采集土壤样315件和植物样(霸王草)150件。全部土壤和植物样品采用MDS-2003F型压力自控密闭微波溶样系统消解,并用原子荧光测汞仪进行分析测定。结果表明,坑口片区土壤汞含量为1.362 1±1.227 6μg/g,拉莫片区土壤汞含量为0.742 8±0.717μg/g,周边地区土壤汞含量为0.346 4±0.031 3μg/g,分别为我国一些地区土壤汞自然含量(0.071μg/g)的19.18、10.46、4.88倍。土壤汞含量随远离矿区中部向东西两侧依次降低。植物汞含量分布与土壤汞含量分布基本相似。植物根汞、叶汞与土壤汞相关性为r=0.547和r=0.179,均大于临界值r=0.159(取信度α=5%),植物不同部分汞含量表现为根叶茎。上述特点表明土壤汞是植物汞的主要来源。本次采集工作中55%的土壤样汞含量超过了我国《土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-2008)》第二级标准的对应限值(汞≤0.35μg/g),坑口片区以及北部拉莫片区土壤汞污染较严重,污染范围为2km2。植物根汞对土壤汞的富集系数为3%,土壤汞形态分析显示土壤中的可吸收态汞含量低。植物茎/根和叶/根转运系数较高,为36.62%、65.91%,表明植物根部吸收的有效态汞较多地被转运到茎叶上。     

穗花狐尾藻化感作用对铜绿微囊藻光合效率的影响

共培养条件下,采用叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数研究穗花狐尾藻分泌的化感物质对铜绿微囊藻光合效率的影响,其中叶绿素荧光参数包括qN（非化学淬灭）、YⅡ（有效量子效率）、Fv/Fm（最大量子产量）、F＇v/F＇m（光系统Ⅱ有效量子产量）和快速光响应曲线.3 d共培养处理期间,铜绿微囊藻叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数都受到不同程度...     

Animal agency in wildlife conservation and management

Wildlife conservation and management (WCM) practices have been historically drawn from a wide variety of academic fields, yet practitioners have been slow to engage with emerging conversations about animals as complex beings, whose individuality and sociality influence their relationships with humans. We propose an explicit acknowledgement of wild, nonhuman animals as active participants in WCM. We examined 190 studies of WCM interventions and outcomes to highlight 3 common assumptions that underpin many present approaches to WCM: animal behaviors are rigid and homogeneous; wildlife exhibit idealized wild behavior and prefer pristine habitats; and human–wildlife relationships are of marginal or secondary importance relative to nonhuman interactions. We found that these management interventions insufficiently considered animal learning, decision-making, individuality, sociality, and relationships with humans and led to unanticipated detrimental outcomes. To address these shortcomings, we synthesized theoretical advances in animal behavioral sciences, animal geographies, and animal legal theory that may help conservation professionals reconceptualize animals and their relationships with humans. Based on advances in these fields, we constructed the concept of animal agency, which we define as the ability of animals to actively influence conservation and management outcomes through their adaptive, context-specific, and complex behaviors that are predicated on their sentience, individuality, lived experiences, cognition, sociality, and cultures in ways that shape and reshape shared human–wildlife cultures, spaces, and histories. Conservation practices, such as compassionate conservation, convivial conservation, and ecological justice, incorporate facets of animal agency. Animal agency can be incorporated in conservation problem-solving by assessing the ways in which agency contributes to species’ survival and by encouraging more adaptive and collaborative decision-making among human and nonhuman stakeholders.     

刈割对牧草地下部根区土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响

对不同刈割强度对牧草地下部根区土壤养分状况及土壤酶活性进行了研究,结果表明,牧草刈割对根区土壤养分、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量存在一定影响。不同刈割强度对牧草根区土壤有机质、全磷和全钾含量无明显影响。土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均因刈割强度的增加而显著下降。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性因刈割处理强度的增加而下降;土壤过氧化氢酶活性则表现为相反的变化趋势。刈割对土壤微生物总数量的影响较大,表现为轻刈割>不刈割>重刈割。     

砷尾矿污染土壤的细菌群落结构多样性及其相关环境影响因子分析

以湖南石门雄黄尾矿污染土壤为对象,研究纵向不同深度、横向不同距离土样中的重金属污染程度以及细菌群落结构变化规律,查明砷污染土壤的核心微生物组成并将其与土壤理化指标进行共存网络图分析。结果表明:该尾矿区的土壤各项重金属指标严重超标,尤以铅(626.54 mg·kg^?1,Ei=105.48)、砷(1804.75 mg·kg^?1,Ei=565.75)、镉(31.46 mg·kg^?1,Ei=7491.5)的生态危害性最强;土壤采样深度与重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)呈显著正相关(r=0.79,P=0.000),而横向样品中RI与采样距离显著负相关(r=?0.85,P=0.000)。在污染土壤中,变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria,54.35%±17.16%)和放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria,22.39%±10.64%)占主导地位,属层级中假单孢杆菌属(Pseudomonas,16.47%±11.84%)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter,8.07%±7.11%)以及硫酸状杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus,7.53%±14.68%)相对丰度较高;而26个共享类群占据了该尾矿污染土壤中微生物群落总平均相对丰度90%以上,尽管不同属的具体相对丰度在不同样品间的分布趋势差异较大。纵剖采集的污染土样中,铁原体属(Ferroplasma)、硫酸状杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)、硫化杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)占优势,与理化的共存网络图分析(相关系数|r|≥0.6,P<0.05)显示部分类群与亚铁、游离态砷和镉成显著正相关,而与pH成显著负相关;横向采集的土样中,以嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)、假单孢杆菌属(Pseudomonas)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)等为主,部分类群与总砷、铅成显著正相关,而与结合态或包蔽型砷成显著负相关。综上,该研究不仅对目标区域尾矿不同重金属污染程度进行了分析,同时探讨了污染土壤中核心响应类群的组成多样性,为筛选潜在重金属抗性菌群或工程菌群提供理论基础。     

西藏草地生长季产草量动态变化及可持续发展策略

论文利用西藏地区草地产草量实际调查数据和NDVI数据集,建立西藏草地产草量估算模型,定量分析了1987—2010年间西藏草地生长季的产草量时空变化特征。研究表明：1987—2010年间,那曲地区草地产草量增速最大,增幅为54%,而拉萨地区草地产草量呈现负增长,减幅为4%。在空间分布上,总体呈现由西北向东南递增趋势;产草量增加的地区主要位于西藏中北部,南部多为产草量减少的区域。西藏草地产草量增加的区域面积占草地总面积的76.04%;产草量减少的区域面积仅占全区草地面积的23.96%。在年代际变化上,1996—2006年10 a间西藏产草量增加的区域面积显著大于减少的区域面积。为了改善西藏草地生态系统状况,进一步提高草地产草量,论文从草地开发利用、空间格局、病虫害防治和退耕还草生态补偿等方面提出西藏草地资源可持续发展策略。     

三维植被网预制草毯技术的意义和发展初探

三维植被网预制草毯就其独特的立体网包结构,预植草皮象卷地毯一样整体起运到需要绿化防护的地点,又象铺地毯一样铺贴在需防护的区域,从而达到快速绿化的目的.笔者就其技术的实用效果和发展趋势进行初步的探讨.表1,参3.     

京郊挖沙废弃地能源草生产潜力评价

能源草是一种良好的生物质资源。为分析其在边际土地上的应用前景,在京郊挖沙废弃地上开展了柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum L.)与芦竹(Arundo donax L.)两种能源草的规模化种植,并从生物质产量和生态经济价值角度研究了其生产潜力。在京郊挖沙废弃地上,两种能源草均能获得较高的生物质产量,分别为3.77、 11.45 t·hm^-2;从固定二氧化碳、释放氧气、吸收二氧化硫、滞降粉尘4个方面核算其生态价值,按标准煤折算、纤维素乙醇制备两种方式核算其经济价值,两种能源草的生态经济价值非常可观。柳枝稷和芦竹两种能源草在京郊挖沙废弃地上的发展前景广阔。