呼伦贝尔草原土壤粘粉粒组分对有机碳和全氮含量的影响

土壤在维持全球碳、氮循环中起着重要的作用。利用土壤粒级分组的方法,分析了呼伦贝尔草原土壤有机碳、全氮、阳离子交换量,并探讨其空间差异与成因。结果表明,(1)在呼伦贝尔草原,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)在不同地质发育的土壤类型中变异较大,而土壤粘粉粒组分中的有机碳(SOCclay-silt)、全氮(TNclay-silt)质量分数变异较小。在土壤表层(0~20cm),SOC、TN质量分数分别介于0.24%~3.70%、0.0316~0.3403mg/kg,而SOCclay-silt、TNclay-silt平均质量分数分别为3.61%±0.50%、0.3440%±0.0251%。在土壤下层(20~40cm),SOC、TN质量分数分别介于0.13%~2.91%、0.0175~0.2511mg/kg,而SOCclay-silt、TNclay-silt平均值分别为2.65%±0.63%、0.2622%±0.0923%。(2)土壤有机碳、全氮与土壤粘粉粒比例之间呈显著的正相关,表明土壤粘粉粒比例愈高,土壤有机碳和全氮在土壤中稳定性就愈强。     

隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

Evaluating Effects of Habitat Loss and Land-Use Continuity on Ant Species Richness in Seminatural Grassland Remnants

Abstract:  Seminatural grasslands in Europe are susceptible to habitat destruction and fragmentation that result in negative effects on biodiversity because of increased isolation and area effects on extinction rate. However, even small habitat patches of seminatural grasslands might be of value for conservation and restoration of species richness in a landscape with a long history of management, which has been argued to lead to high species richness. We tested whether ant communities have been negatively affected by habitat loss and increased isolation of seminatural grasslands during the twentieth century. We examined species richness and community composition in seminatural grasslands of different size in a mosaic landscape in Central Sweden. Grasslands managed continuously over centuries harbored species-rich and ecologically diverse ant communities. Grassland remnant size had no effect on ant species richness. Small grassland remnants did not harbor a nested subset of the ant species of larger habitats. Community composition of ants was mainly affected by habitat conditions. Our results suggest that the abandonment of traditional land use and the encroachment of trees, rather than the effects of fragmentation, are important for species composition in seminatural grasslands. Our results highlight the importance of considering land-use continuity and dispersal ability of the focal organisms when examining the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity. Landscape history should be considered in conservation programs focusing on effects of land-use change.     

短期放牧对半干旱草地生态系统CO2和N2O排放的影响

通过在北方农牧带半干旱草地生态系统(山西右玉)设置不放牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧4个不同强度的放牧实验,运用静态-暗箱法测定放牧第一年生长季的温室气体通量,研究不同放牧强度对该地区温室气体通量的影响.结果表明:(1) CO_2和N_2O在生长季表现出随着温度和水分变化的明显季节动态变化,但是与不放牧相比,第一年不同放牧强度对CO_2和N_2O排放速率没有显著影响;(2)放牧显著降低了土壤含水量(P 0. 05),中度放牧降低了土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC,P 0. 05),中度和重度放牧降低了土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN,P 0. 05);(3) CO_2排放速率和土壤温度、土壤水分之间呈显著正相关关系,土壤温度、可溶性氮、微生物生物量氮以及CO_2排放速率之间呈显著正相关关系.放牧增加了温度与CO_2排放的相关性,但对N_2O排放相反.(4)虽然放牧降低了土壤含水量,但是没有发现不同放牧强度间CO_2和N_2O排放的差异,说明短期内不同的放牧强度尚未对土壤微生物结构与功能造成显著影响,需要继续进行长期深入地研究,揭示放牧强度对温室气体通量的影响机制.     

重大生态工程规划设计的理论探讨

生态问题已成为阻碍我国经济社会可持续发展的主要屏障,解决生态问题的主要途径是实施生态治理工程。我国开展的诸多生态治理工程以退耕还林还草工程最为典型,由于相关理论研究长期滞后于生产实践需求导致该工程在推进过程中“边实施、边调整、边总结”。论文剖析了退耕还林还草工程不同阶段出现的问题以及国家采取的相应对策。通过理论分析指出生态问题是经济社会系统内部矛盾的外在表现,生态治理工程既要解决生态退化及危害,又要解决诱发生态问题的经济社会内部矛盾;生态工程设计需要生态学、经济学、社会学等相关学科的理论支撑。重大生态工程设计之初需要考虑技术储备、工程成本、成果稳定性（经济社会系统内部矛盾解决程度）、推广性、综合效益、政策及法律法规搭配等问题以达到“内外兼治”的效果,避免因“边实施、边调整、边总结”带来的工程风险和浪费,最终保障工程目标的实现。     

西藏退化高寒草原土壤团聚体有机碳的变化特征

为进一步了解高寒草原土壤碳动态变化特点与变化过程,采用湿筛法对藏北高原未退化、轻度退化和严重退化高寒草原表层（0~10 cm）、亚表层（>10~20 cm）不同粒级w（SAOC）（SAOC为土壤团聚体有机碳）进行研究.结果表明,与未退化草地相比,不同程度退化草地w（SAOC）均呈下降趋势,但严重退化草地表层、亚表层中w（SAOC）、>0.25 mm粒级w（SAOC）、 < 0.25 mm粒级w（SAOC）降幅均显著低于轻度退化草地;不同程度退化草地表层、亚表层中>0.25、 < 0.25 mm粒级w（SAOC）在总体上趋于下降,且亚表层的降幅明显高于表层的降幅,但退化草地亚表层中w（SAOC）仍高于表层（未退化草地、轻度和严重退化草地亚表层较表层分别增加51.84%、31.34%、6.83%）,w（SAOC）的土层差异随草地退化加剧而大幅缩小;轻度、严重退化草地不同粒级w（SAOC）的土层分布特征仍与未退化草地一致,其表层、亚表层中>0.25 mm粒级w（SAOC）均明显较高;与未退化草地相同,退化草地表层、亚表层w（SAOC）贡献率亦均呈|2~0.25 mm| > | < 0.25~0.053 mm| > | > 2 mm| > | < 0.053 mm|粒级;退化草地环境对团聚体与w（SAOC）,以及w（SOC）（SOC为土壤有机碳）与w（SAOC）间的关系具有重要影响.研究显示,高原冷干环境下不同粒级SAOC及其变化受草地退化程度、土层深度等的深刻影响,需要从影响土壤有机碳形成与转化的土壤机制等方面进行深入研究.      

Managed grassland alters soil N dynamics and N2O emissions in temperate steppe

Reclamation of degraded grasslands as managed grasslands has been increasingly accelerated in recent years in China. Land use change affects soil nitrogen(N) dynamics and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. However, it remains unclear how large-scale grassland reclamation will impact the grassland ecosystem as a whole. Here, we investigated the effects of the conversion from native to managed grasslands on soil N dynamics and N_2O emissions by field experiments in Hulunber in northern China. Soil(0–10 cm), nitrate(NO_3~-),ammonium(NH_4~+), and microbial N were measured in plots in a temperate steppe(Leymus chinensis grassland) and two managed grasslands(Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis grasslands) in 2011 and 2012. The results showed conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa or B. inermis grasslands decreased concentrations of NO_3~–-N, but did not change NH_4~–N . Soil microbial N was slightly decreased by the conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa, but increased by the conversion to B. inermis. The conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M. sativa(i.e., a legume grass) increased N_2O emissions by 26.2%, while the conversion to the B. inermis(i.e., a non-legume grass) reduced N_2O emissions by 33.1%. The conversion from native to managed grasslands caused large created variations in soil NO?3~-+–N and NH_4~–N concentrations. Net N mineralization rates did not change significantly in growing season or vegetation type, but to net nitrification rate. These results provide evidence on how reclamation may impact the grassland ecosystem in terms of N dynamics and N_2O emissions.     

中国松嫩草原羊草植硅体对全球变暖和氮沉降模拟的响应研究

在松嫩草原应用红外线增温和人工施氮的方法对羊草群落模拟全球变暖和氮沉降,提取羊草中的植硅体,分析探讨植硅体的形态及数量变化规律.羊草中的植硅体可以划分为4个大类和12个亚类,以及较小的植硅体碎片,其中帽型植硅体含量高达70%.尖顶帽型和平顶帽型植硅体与刺帽型植硅体可能有不同的发育机制,并且尖型植硅体对施氮更为敏感;与对照相比,增温处理对羊草植硅体的发育有促进作用(长宽增加0.1～2.6μm),而施氮处理则有一定的抑制作用(长宽减小0.1～1.4μm),增温和施氮交叉作用,则施氮对羊草植硅体发育表现出的抑制作用明显减弱;施氮处理中出现其他处理中未见到的空心棒型(占棒型总量的46%),而且除棒型、帽型、尖型以外的植硅体含量增加到10%,从而推测,对于以羊草为优势植物的松嫩草原,施氮的影响可能要强于增温,如果两者同时作用,增温能在一定程度上缓解施氮的影响.实验中的羊草植硅体对模拟全球变化很敏感,说明植硅体对环境因子的改变很敏感,其作为古环境的代用指标应是可靠的.     

Emission characteristics of carbon dioxide in the semiarid Stipa grandis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China

Introduction The emission and absorption of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) etc. by soil is one of the hot topics on global change research, more and more attention has been paid to the flux measurement…     

The threat of abandonment in socio-ecological landscapes: Farmers’ motivations and perspectives on high nature value grassland conservation

Future sustainability of the conservation management of socio-ecological landscapes is typically reliant on on-going agricultural management. Such management may be threatened by changes in the drivers of management and the fragility of the stakeholder networks that deliver management. This study examined evidence for the risk of abandonment in a series of case study high nature value (HNV) grassland sites. The work found that the motivation of farmers to participate in the conservation management was typically limited and often marginal. Landowners and conservation stakeholders who relied on partner farmers to manage such sites often struggled to recruit and retain their participation, leading to increased turnover among managing farmers and to some sites being under-managed. Primary reasons for difficulty of recruitment and farmer turnover included a lack of candidate farmers in the local landscape, and the marginal and fluctuating economics of grassland management. A trend towards greater financial incentivisation of farmers was evident, which policy-makers responsible for agri-environment schemes should note, and elsewhere some conservation organisations were seen to be bringing grassland management in-house. Farmers’ motivations to participate in conservation management of such systems may continue to weaken and abandonment may therefore become a significant risk to the successful conservation of such systems. Conservation stakeholders need to foster good relations with their farmer-manager partners and not further depress their limited motivations to participate, as well as consider carefully whether farmer stakeholders are being adequately compensated for their efforts.