藻华聚集的环境效应:对漂浮植物水葫芦光合作用的影响

利用适应性强、生物量大的水生植物来净化污染水体,已成为目前水体生态修复的一种快捷有效的方法.然而,在夏季蓝藻水华严重聚集的水体,藻华聚集后对水生植物的生理生态影响及其环境效应,尚缺乏系统研究.本研究以水葫芦为代表,模拟在高温阶段(水温WT25℃)、水华严重聚集时,对水葫芦的光合作用的影响进行研究,以揭示蓝藻水华聚集后造成的浅水生态系统中水生植物消亡的深层机制,并为减轻藻华聚集对水生植物的不良影响、充分发挥水生植物的水体净化功能提供理论依据.结果表明,藻华聚集会很快消耗掉水生植物根区内的溶氧,呈现缺氧状态(DO0.2 mg·L-1);植物根区内ORP出现明显下降现象,实验进行1 d后低于-100 m V,实验结束时达-200 m V,水体呈现强还原环境.与对照相比,根区内p H值低0.7个单位.藻华细胞在死亡、分解后释放大量的无机营养盐于水体中,植物根区内的NH+4-N含量比对照实验中高102倍;较高的NH+4-N含量(平均为45.6 mg·L-1)加之缺氧的协迫作用,导致植物机体受到破坏,植物的光合作用能力严重下降.叶片的平均净光合速率仅为对照的0.6倍,实验结束时其光合速率Pn为3.96μmol·(m2·s)-1,而同期对照实验的叶片净光合速率Pn为22.0μmol·(m2·s)-1;叶片蒸腾速率仅为对照的0.55倍,至实验结束时其蒸腾速率为1.38 mmol·(m2·s)-1,同期对照实验的叶片蒸腾速率为7.61 mmol·(m2·s)-1,表明藻华长期的聚集对植物产生了不可逆的伤害作用.在实际生产中,要避免蓝藻的严重堆积和快速消亡,以减轻藻华暴发对植物的伤害,充分发挥植物的水体净化功能.     

广州市谷河黑臭评价及其与裸藻丰度和生物量相关性分析

藻类密度增加是黑臭现象发生的重要原因之一.目前的黑臭评价标准缺少藻类等水生生物指标,而黑臭河流中浮游微藻时空特征研究也极少.于2017年秋和2018年冬和春在谷河布设6个样点,采用污染指数法(I_1)和黑臭多因子加权指数法(I_2)评价谷河黑臭情况,同时调查浮游微藻的丰度和生物量等,并对黑臭评价结果和微藻进行Pearson相关分析.结果表明,I_2指数法更适合评价谷河的黑臭情况;裸藻门丰度与I_2的相关系数较高(r=0.784,p0.01);裸藻门丰度比例和生物量比例与I_2的相关系数分别为0.750和0.776(p0.01);裸藻门的种数和裸藻门污染指示种个数与I_2的相关系数均为0.623(p0.01).裸藻门可能适合于作为评价谷河黑臭的水生生物指标.天然水体中微藻或裸藻与致臭物质的产生等有待深入研究.     

固定化小球藻对海水养殖废水氮磷的处理

本研究利用海藻酸钠（SA）作为载体、以氯化钙（CaCl₂）为交联剂,探究小球藻最佳固定化条件及其对海水养殖废水氨氮和磷酸盐的处理效果.通过对比不同浓度SA和CaCl₂对小球藻生长的影响及不同固定化条件的藻球对氨氮、磷酸盐处理效果,确定最佳固定化条件为2.0% SA和2.0% CaCl₂.对比固定化藻球和悬浮小球藻对模拟海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐去除效果,结果表明固定化藻球比悬浮藻液对氮、磷处理效果更好.其中低接种率（1：10）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别为63.26%和62.76%.固定化小球藻浓度越高,其净化能力越强,高接种率（1：1）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别是85.16%和75.94%.连续流运行下固定化藻球对海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率分别为84.49%和72.17%.小球藻固定化态保留并延长了悬浮态生长活性,提高了对海水养殖废水脱氮除磷效果.     

城市可持续发展的关键自然资本研究

城市是社会、经济与环境相互作用最为集中与深刻的区域，随着城市环境问题的日益严重，城市可持续发展成为共同关注的焦点。自然资本在可持续发展体系中起到关键的作用，因此，识别城市系统的关键自然资本是实现城市可持续发展的前提。通过分析城市绿色空间的生态服务功能，结果表明绿色空间是影响城市可持续发展的重要的自然资本。在此基础上，提出了通过保护与投资于绿色空间两种途径实现城市可持续发展的措施与建议。     

外源稀土La在沉积物中的形态及其生物可利用性

将沉积物中的外源稀土La分为可溶解态、酸可提取态、有机质及硫化物结合态,研究了小球藻(Chlorella Vulgaris Beijerinck)对这三种形态La的生物可利用性.研究结果表明:这三种形态的La在沉积物中的含量与其在藻中的含量有很好的相关关系.其中可溶解态La的生物可利用性最大,这说明,沉积物中La的释放对其生物可利用性至关重要.     

Changes in the Biochemical Composition of Tetraselmis Suecia and Isochrysis Galbana During Growth and Decay

The variations of the biochemical composition of Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana during growth and decay were determined. the content of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) of the cultures, as expected, slowly degraded into phaeopigments during decay, confirming that chlorophyll measurements do not always provide an accurate estimate of phytoplanktonic biomass and, consequently, may fail if used to measure the food availability of particulate matter for consumers. Measurements of total amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, related to the nutritional value of particles in terms of caloric content, are shown to provide information on the readily available food for consumers, particularly during the blooms. the protein/carbohydrate, C/N and POC/Chl-a ratios were used to evaluate the differences between these two species during the growth and the decomposition processes. A comparison between experimental and field conditions was undertaken to implement our understanding of the growth and degradation processes of particulate organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin in the sea and its role on natural systems, during and after phytoplankton blooms.     

可持续发展下的生态经济学理论透视

生态经济学是一门正在蓬勃发展的新兴交叉学科，可持续发展是生态经济学研究的中心问题。人类对可持续发展问题的极大关注推动了生态经济学的发展。本文从宏观角度分析了可持续发展问题的凸显和生态经济学的兴起，着重指出生态经济学是关于可持续发展的科学的认识；阐述了可持续发展条件与状态的生态经济学理论内涵；论述了生态经济系统的本质特征及其可持续发展评估的核心内容；概括了可持续发展评估与绿色国民经济核算的框架及其目标和衡量方法。     

Ecotoxic Effect of Photocatalytic Active Nanoparticles (TiO2) on Algae and Daphnids (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Due to their large potential for manifold applications, the use of nanoparticles is of increasing importance. As large amounts of nanoparticles may reach the environment voluntarily or by accident, attention should be paid on the potential impacts on the environment. First studies on potential environmental effects of photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles have been performed on the basis of widely accepted, standardized test systems which originally had been developed for the characterization of chemicals. The methods were adapted to the special requirements of testing photocatalytic nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: Suspensions of two different nanoparticles were illuminated to induce their photocatalytic activity. For testing, the growth inhibition test with the green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus and the immobilization test with the daphnid Daphnia magna were selected and performed following the relevant guidelines (algae: ISO 8692, OECD 201, DIN 38412-33; daphnids: ISO 6341, OECD 202, DIN 38412-30). The guidelines were adapted to meet the special requirements for testing photocatalytic nanoparticles. Results: The results indicate that it is principally possible to determine the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles. It was shown that nanoparticles may have ecotoxicological effects which depend on the nature of the particles. Both products tested differ in their toxicity. Product 1 shows a clear concentration-effect curve in the test with algae (EC50: 44 mg/L). It could be proven that the observed toxicity was not caused by accompanying contaminants, since the toxic effect was comparable for the cleaned and the commercially available product. For product 2, no toxic effects were determined (maximum concentration: 50 mg/L). In the tests with daphnids, toxicity was observed for both products, although the concentration effect-curves were less pronounced. The two products differed in their toxicity; moreover, there was a difference in the toxicity of illuminated and non-illuminated products. Discussion: Both products differ in size and crystalline form, so that these parameters are assumed to contribute to the different toxicities. The concentration-effect curves for daphnids, which are less-pronounced than the curves obtained for algae, may be due to the different test organisms and/or the differing test designs. The increased toxicity of pre-illuminated particles in the tests with daphnids demonstrates that the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles lasts for a period of time. Conclusions: The following conclusions can be drawn from the test results: (I) It is principally possible to determine the ecotoxicity of (photocatalytic) nanoparticles. Therefore, they can be assessed using methods comparable to the procedures applied for assessing soluble chemicals. - (II) Nanoparticles may exert ecotoxicological effects, which depend on the specific nanoparticle. - (III) Comparable to traditional chemicals, the ecotoxicity depends on the test organisms and their physiology. - (IV) The photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles lasts for a relevant period of time. Therefore, pre-illumination may be sufficient to detect a photocatalytic activity even by using test organisms which are not suitable for application in the pre-illumination-phase. Recommendations and Perspectives: First results are presented which indicate that the topic 'ecotoxicity and environmental effects of nanoparticles' should not be neglected. In testing photocatalytic nanoparticles, there are still many topics that need clarification or improvement, such as the cause for an observed toxicity, the improvement of the test design, the elaboration of a test battery and an assessment strategy. On the basis of optimized test systems, it will be possible to test nanoparticles systematically. If a potential risk by specific photocatalytic particles is known, a risk-benefit analysis can be performed and, if required, risk reducing measures can be taken.     

干洗业四氯乙烯职业危害与环境对策

干洗业四氯乙烯溶剂及其处理的安全问题已被认为是干洗业持续发展的评判标准。干洗过程中的溶剂残渣对顾客和生态环境都造成影响。干洗业环境广问题不仅仅是传统的职业卫生问题,而且作为纺织品生命周期的一个有机构成引起环保工作者和绿色消费活动倡导者的关注。     

滇池水体除藻材料的除藻作用试验研究

利用昆明地区的粘土矿制作新型轻质除藻材料,试验研究该材料对滇池湖水中藻类的除藻及净化作用.实验室小试(20 L)结果表明,该除藻材料放入滇池水样实验70 d后,水质明显好转,藻类去除率可达95.8%,CODMn、TN及TP的去除率分别为34.4%、81.5%、28.2%.在滇池湖边300 m2水面围栏扩大试验结果显示,除藻材料放入试验区水体10 d后,水体中藻类含量明显减少,水体透光率从55%增加到80%,水质状况也有很大改善.研究结果表明,该材料具有良好的湖泊水体除藻及净化作用,有必要对其开展进一步的深入研究.