生命周期评价的应用,内涵与挑战

从环境问题与可持续发展出发，指出生命周期评价是在产品层次上实现可持续发展的一种理论评价工具，并探讨了生命周期评价的内涵，论述产品生命周是进行生命周期评价的客观依据，详细探讨应用生命周期评价存在的问题，指出进一步研究生命周期评价的方向。     

Life-cycle assessment of four types of floor covering

Four types of floor covering have been investigated with respect to their environmental impact: linoleum, cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile. The analysis relates to all stages in the life-cycle (from ‘cradle to grave’) and focuses on floor coverings for domestic use. The analysis is performed by means of the method for life-cycle assessment (Dutch approach). Each floor covering is assessed with regard to its environmental impact. This impact can be of various type: depletion of raw materials, cumulative energy requirement, global warming, acidification, tropospheric ozone creation, stratospheric ozone depletion, eutrophication, production of waste and human health. The inventory of environmental interventions (materials, energy requirements, waste and emissions to air, water and soil) was fairly complete. Most interventions relating to the processes that make up the life-cycle of the floor coverings in question could be quantified. A large part of the data is associated with the process energy requirement. In general these data are quite reliable. The results of the impact assessment for linoleum differs considerably from those for other types of floor coverings. Linoleum turns out to be the most environmentally favourable floor covering. It was not possible to differentiate between the environmental impact of cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile.     

铁路专用线声环境影响评价

针对新建铁路专用线沿线的环境特征，提出了铁路专用线声环境影响评价的程序、内容和方法。在目前缺乏新建铁路噪声预测模式的情况下，提出了应对铁路边界噪声、不同距离处的铁路噪声、敏感点噪声、鸣笛噪声进行预测，并以某铁路专用线声环境影响评价为例，对上述四种噪声进行了预测，通过预测得到铁路两侧的声环境状况，并以此为依据提出了铁路噪声的防治对策，以保证铁路专用线沿线声环境质量。     

用浮游及底栖动物评价饮马河水质

根据浮游及底栖动物种群结构和数量分布特点，对秦皇岛市饮马河水质进行了初步评价，评价结果表明，生物监测技术方法可行，简单直观，与化学监测的结果基本一致。饮马河全程水质属于中-重污染。     

用主成分分析法研究评价地下水质量——以邯郸市为例

运用主成分分析法(PCA)对邯郸市地下水主要污染指标年均值进行了探索性评价研究。分析结果表明,前5个主成分综合携带了全部信息的91.374%。通过对这5个新的综合指标进行分析,确定了地下水的主要污染物,同时根据其综合得分对地下水进行分级,分析了其变化趋势,为地下水资源的有效利用和保护提供了科学依据。     

景观及视觉影响评价初探

介绍了国内外开展景观与视觉影响评价的情况和意义 ,提出了景观与视觉影响评价的基本概念、步骤、内容和方法 ,介绍了一种较为简便、实用的用于景观与视觉影响评价的定量方法。提出了进行这项工作的难点问题及设想建议。     

公路环境评价发展现状及对策初探

“八五”、“九五”期间，中国公路建设事业得到了迅速的发展，与此同时公路建设项目的环境影响评价也得到了相应的发展，初步形成了一套较为完善的环境评价体系，但同时也存在着法规，技术、规范体系比较落后，评价仅局限在环境影响评价层次，人员素质不高等问题，因此需从完善公路环境评价体系，完善公路环境法规及技术规范体系，积极探索新技术与新方法，加强佬培训等方面进一步完善公路环境评价。     

Chinese life cycle impact assessment factors

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＬｉｆｅｃｙｃｌｅａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ(ＬＣＡ)ｉｓａｎｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｔｏｏｌｔｈａｔｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｘａｍｉｎｅａｎｄｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅｏｆｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ(Ｊｅｎｓｅｎ,1998;Ｗｅｉｄｅｍａ,1997;Ｗｅｎｚｅｌ,1997).ＴｈｅｆｏｃｕｓｏｆＬＣＡｉｓｏｎｔｈｅｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｉｆｅｃｙｃｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ,ｉ.ｅ.ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉ…     

广西近岸海域海水和沉积物及生物体中的重金属

以1998年广西近岸海域环境综合调查的资料，分析了广西近岸海域海水、表层沉积物及海洋生物体中重金属的含量分布，表层沉积物中重金属与有机质含量之间的相关关系，海洋生物对重金属的富集情况。结果表明，广西近岸海域海水中的Pb和表层沉积物中的Cu、Pb和As及生物体中的Cd含量部分超标。     

Energy use and transport correlation linking personal and travel related energy uses to the urban structure

This paper considers relationships between sustainability objectives, transport, spatial design of the built environment and rational use of energy. Conventional transport modelling, housing supply and energy assessment tools are drawn together to provide a common platform for appraisal of city-wide energy use by stationary and mobile sources. The paper outlines methodologies developed for the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. The paper concludes by briefly reviewing the effect in terms of mobile and stationary energy consumption and travel behaviour of implementing sustainable policy measures in current and future years within the study area.