洪泛区林地的开发对鱼类栖息地面积的影响模拟

洪泛区的开发利用,必然会导致洪泛区林地糙率的改变。河漫滩也是河流洪泛区的一部分。洪泛区糙率的减小,会使河水流速增大,从而减小鱼类可用栖息地面积。因此,在洪水发生时,为了给鱼类提供避险场所,保护有效栖息地面积,需研究洪泛区林地的开发对鱼类的影响。利用River 2D软件模拟在一定频率的洪水条件下,不同的河漫滩糙率对应的鱼类栖息地加权可用面积(WUA),分析了糙率的改变对河流鱼类栖息地的影响。结果表明:随着河漫滩糙率的降低,加权可用面积(WUA)逐渐减小,河漫滩范围内WUA的变化幅度比较大,河漫滩的特性对鱼类栖息地面积的影响很大。洪泛区植被的砍伐,会使鱼类栖息地面积减小。因此,应防止洪泛区的过度开发,保护河流生态环境。     

冬季衡水湖沉积物微生物群落结构特征及影响因素

湖泊沉积物中的微生物对有机物和营养盐的转化起着重要作用,其群落结构也会受环境因子的影响。为探究冬季衡水湖沉积物中微生物群落结构差异及影响因素,基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序,分析衡水湖不同湖区表层沉积物中微生物群落结构组成、多样性及与环境因子之间的响应关系。结果表明：不同湖区沉积物中微生物群落多样性表现为湖北区>湖心区>湖南区,湖北区与湖心区沉积物的微生物群落结构存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。在门水平上,湖心区沉积物中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）的相对丰度显著高于其他湖区,这与湖心区有机污染严重有关;在属水平上,湖北区沉积物中P9X2b3D02相对丰度显著高于其他湖区,说明该菌属更适宜在水生植物丰富的环境下生长繁衍。有机碳（TOC）浓度是衡水湖水体沉积物微生物群落结构的关键影响因素,TOC浓度与微生物菌属相对丰度的高相关性与沉积物有机污染严重有关。

     

三峡水库补水调度对东洞庭湖典型沉水植物生境适宜性的影响

沉水植物是东洞庭湖水生态修复的重要物种,水深是影响沉水植物生长的关键因子之一。为定量描述三峡水库不同补水调度方式对东洞庭湖典型沉水植物生长生境的影响,以刺苦草（Vallisneria spinulosa）为目标物种,利用物理栖息地模型建立三峡水库补水调度期间不同出库流量与东洞庭湖刺苦草生长生境加权可利用面积（WUA）的关系。结果表明：刺苦草生长生境的适宜水深为0.2~1.8 m,最适宜水深为0.5~1.0 m;三峡水库实施补水调度后,东洞庭湖刺苦草生长生境的WUA整体呈现均匀上升趋势;三峡水库补水调度期间,出库流量为5 500~10 500 m³/s时,刺苦草生长生境最适宜水深范围对应的WUA呈现先增后减趋势,在出库流量为9 500 m³/s时WUA最大（74.46 km²）,可认为刺苦草生长最适宜出库流量为8 500~10 500 m³/s。研究成果可为通过三峡水库生态调度进行东洞庭湖水生态环境恢复及保护提供参考。

     

基于鱼类产卵需求的栖息地修复效果评价

根据鱼类产卵需求对工程修复效果开展评价对掌握栖息地状态和指导工程设计极其重要。以黑水河为实例,从鱼类产卵的生境需求出发,结合现场监测和数值模拟方法量化产卵栖息地的参照状态,构建指标体系进行河流鱼类产卵期栖息地质量评价,以获得修复工程对鱼类产卵生境真实的修复效果。结果表明：2019—2021年黑水河产卵期的鱼类栖息地综合评价得分分别为63.04、83.52与83.52,鱼类产卵栖息地得到改善,评价结果表明生态修复工程对产卵栖息地有明显修复效果;黑水河不同河段鱼类产卵栖息地质量空间分布上呈现出修复前下游河段(R4~R6)优于上游河段(R1~R3)的特征,修复后不同河段评分均有不同程度的增加,增幅为21.33%~59.15%;通过对敏感因子进行溯源可知,修复前黑水河鱼类产卵期栖息地质量主要受河流连通性和水力条件限制,修复后连通性得到大幅度改善,但水体流速和弗劳德数与保护鱼类产卵的偏好状态仍具有一定差距,后期修复工作应结合鱼类产卵喜好针对水体流态进行局部塑造和改善。

     

Invasion versus Isolation: Trade-Offs in Managing Native Salmonids with Barriers to Upstream Movement

Abstract: Conservation biologists often face the trade‐off that increasing connectivity in fragmented landscapes to reduce extinction risk of native species can foster invasion by non‐native species that enter via the corridors created, which can then increase extinction risk. This dilemma is acute for stream fishes, especially native salmonids, because their populations are frequently relegated to fragments of headwater habitat threatened by invasion from downstream by 3 cosmopolitan non‐native salmonids. Managers often block these upstream invasions with movement barriers, but isolation of native salmonids in small headwater streams can increase the threat of local extinction. We propose a conceptual framework to address this worldwide problem that focuses on 4 main questions. First, are populations of conservation value present (considering evolutionary legacies, ecological functions, and socioeconomic benefits as distinct values)? Second, are populations vulnerable to invasion and displacement by non‐native salmonids? Third, would these populations be threatened with local extinction if isolated with barriers? And, fourth, how should management be prioritized among multiple populations? We also developed a conceptual model of the joint trade‐off of invasion and isolation threats that considers the opportunities for managers to make strategic decisions. We illustrated use of this framework in an analysis of the invasion‐isolation trade‐off for native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in 2 contrasting basins in western North America where invasion and isolation are either present and strong or farther away and apparently weak. These cases demonstrate that decisions to install or remove barriers to conserve native salmonids are often complex and depend on conservation values, environmental context (which influences the threat of invasion and isolation), and additional socioeconomic factors. Explicit analysis with tools such as those we propose can help managers make sound decisions in such complex circumstances.     

ATFITUDES TOWARDS ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS IN ONTARIO FOR STORMWATER CONTROL AND WATERFOWL HABITAT1

ABSTRACT: The objective was to survey individuals from different interest groups in Ontario to ascertain attitudes towards the use of artificial wetlands for stormwater management and to provide waterfowl habitat. In total, 166 questionnaires were distributed and 124 cempleted returns were received. The results of the survey show that the provision of wetlands as waterfowl habitats in the context of stormwater impoundments is severely limited and is not considered an important management option. The overwhelming rejection of this integrated approach seems to be due to a lack of understanding and its comparative newness. Some of the perceived problems and concerns could be addressed by improvements in the design of the artificial wetlands. The design and implementation of an artificial wetland prototype as part of an education program in Ontario is recommended. A few research opportunities also are outlined.     

BEDLOAD TRANSPORT IN A POOL-RIFFLE SEQUENCE OF A COASTAL ALASKA STREAM1

ABSTRACT: A Helley-Smith pressure differential bedload sampler was used to measure bedload transport at consecutive riffle sections of a riffle-pool-riffle sequence on Bambi Creek, a small (154 ha), second-order stream on Chichagof Island, Alaska, during four storms over a 2-year period. Maximum bedload transport rate measured was 4920 kg/h at a streamflow of 2.35 m³/s corresponding to a storm having a 5-year return interval. Transport of larger sediment (> 8 mm) varied systematically with streamflow at the two sampling locations. At flows up to approximately bankfull, transport of large sediment was greatest at the upstream site; at flows above bankfull, transport of large sediment was greatest at the downstream site. The net import of large sediment to the pool during moderate stormflows and net export of large sediment from the pool during flows above bankfull may be related to a “convergence” or “reversal” of competence between the upstream riffle and subsequent pool at flows approximating bankfull stage. Cross-sections monitored within the study reach indicate that stormflows resulted in net filling of the riffle sections and net scour of the pool; periods of low streamflow resulted in net scour of the riffles and net filling of the pooL     

CENTRAL NEBRASKA RIVER BASINS,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: The Central Nebraska Basins (NAWQA) study unit includes the Platte River and two major tributaries, the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers. Platte River flows are variable in the western part of the study unit because of diversions, but the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers originate in an area of dune sand covered by grassland that generates consistent base flows. More frequent runoff in the eastern part of the study unit also sustains stream flow. Ground water in the study unit has no regional confining units and the system is a water table aquifer throughout. Macroinvertebrate and fish taxa at biological sampling sites in the state were related to stream flow. One of the four wetland complexes identified in the study unit includes habitat for threatened and endangered bird species. The study unit is an agricultural area that includes row crops, both irrigated and nonirrigated in the eastern and southern parts, and rangeland in the Sand Hills of the western part. A water quality assessment will be based on the differences in environmental setting in each of four subunits within the study unit.]     

How Corridors Reduce Indigo Bunting Nest Success

Abstract:  Corridors are a popular strategy to conserve biodiversity and promote gene flow in fragmented landscapes. Corridor effectiveness has been bolstered by the fact that no empirical field studies have shown negative effects on populations or communities. I tested the hypothesis that corridors increase nest predation in connected habitat fragments relative to unconnected fragments. I evaluated this hypothesis in a large-scale experimental system of open-habitat fragments that varied in shape and connectivity. Corridors increased nest predation rates in connected fragments relative to unconnected fragments with lower edge:area ratios. Nest predation rates were similar between connected and unconnected fragments with higher edge:area ratios. These results suggest that the increase in predator activity is largely attributable to edge effects incurred through the addition of a corridor. This is the first field study to demonstrate that corridors can negatively impact animal populations occupying connected fragments.     

The Role Played by Acetyl Group Distribution Patterns in Substituted Starch Toward Enzymatic De-acetylation and Chain Fragmentation

The nature and distribution of the acetylated groups were evaluated by ¹³C-NMR and ¹H-NMR. The starch substrate with a DS of 1.5 comprises only two patterns: -(14)-d-glucopyranose and 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose. The starch with a DS of 3.0 also comprises two patterns: 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose and 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose; whereas starch (DS = 1.9) contains 4 patterns: 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose terminal, 2,6-di-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose, and 3,6-di-O-acetyl--(14)-d-glucopyranose. Using esterase from Viscozyme, it has been possible to hydrolyze up to 7% of the DS 3.0 starch. An -amylase (Fungamyl 800) was then added to these acetylesterases. With a 2.4 FAU/mL fraction of -amylase and 2.4 U/mL from the Viscozyme's acetylesterase, 28% of the acetylated end groups were hydrolyzed for the starch substrates with DS 3.0. Moreover, a synergic action between -amylase and acetylesterase was noticed, allowing fragmentation of 32% for DS 1.5, 30% for DS 1.9, and 11% for DS 3.0.