武汉市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

以湖泊资源丰富的武汉市为例,通过景观格局指数测定该市湿地破碎化程度,借助GIS技术评估该市湿地生态系统服务价值,并探讨了城市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:①2000—2015年武汉市湿地总体破碎化趋势有所缓和,但人工湿地相较于自然湿地破碎化程度要高,特别是2010—2015年湿地总面积下降了2.80%,而斑块密度上升了4.12%,湖泊破碎化程度较高。②2000—2015年,武汉市湿地ESV增长了323.27亿元,各类型湿地的生态系统服务价值表现为湖泊>水库坑塘>河流>沼泽。③湿地景观破碎化与部分调节性、支持性和文化性服务功能存在着显著相关关系。     

A Method to Consider Whether Dams Mitigate Climate Change Effects on Stream Temperatures

This article provides a method for examining mesoscale water quality objectives downstream of dams with anticipated climate change using a multimodel approach. Coldwater habitat for species such as trout and salmon has been reduced by water regulation, dam building, and land use change that alter stream temperatures. Climate change is an additional threat. Changing hydroclimatic conditions will likely impact water temperatures below dams and affect downstream ecology. We model reservoir thermal dynamics and release operations (assuming that operations remain unchanged through time) of hypothetical reservoirs of different sizes, elevations, and latitudes with climate‐forced inflow hydrologies to examine the potential to manage water temperatures for coldwater habitat. All models are one dimensional and operate on a weekly timestep. Results are presented as water temperature change from the historical time period and indicate that reservoirs release water that is cooler than upstream conditions, although the absolute temperatures of reaches below dams warm with climate change. Stream temperatures are sensitive to changes in reservoir volume, elevation, and latitude. Our approach is presented as a proof of concept study to evaluate reservoir regulation effects on stream temperatures and coldwater habitat with climate change.     

武汉市3种类型湖泊浮游植物群落特点及关键影响因子

为揭示不同类型湖泊浮游植物群落特点及关键影响因子,于2018年春季、夏季、秋季和冬季对武汉市城市(UL)、郊野型(CL)和生态保育区(EL)这3种类型共24个湖泊174个采样点进行了浮游植物和水质参数采样调查.结果表明,3种类型湖泊共鉴定出浮游植物9门159属365种,绿藻门、蓝藻门和硅藻门的种类最多,分别占总物种数的55.34%、 15.89%和15.07%.浮游植物细胞密度变化范围为3.60×10⁶～421.99×10⁶ cell·L^-1,叶绿素a (Chla)变化范围为15.60～240.50μg·L^-1,生物量变化范围为27.71～379.79 mg·L^-1,香浓-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数变化范围为0.29～2.86.在3种类型湖泊中,EL和UL的细胞密度、 Chla和生物量均低于CL,而Shannon-Wiener多样性指数则相反.非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果表明,3种类型湖泊浮游植物群落结构存在差异(Stres...     

印度洋中南部长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息的适应性

根据2009年3～4月在印度洋中南部水域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔船上收集数据,基于反映鱼类繁殖能力的重要指标—性腺指数(GSI)及其影响因素—表温(SST)、100 m水层的水温(TEMP)及200 m水层的溶解氧浓度(DO),对长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息地适应性进行分析。结果表明,表温、表层盐度、100 m水层的水温及200 m水层的DO与印度洋中南部长鳍金枪鱼GSI的最佳上界分位数回归方程分别为pGSISST0.55=159.47-12.20SST0.55+0.24SST20.55,pGSISSS0.70=527.22-28.51 SSS0.70+0.39SSS20.70,pGSITEMP0.55=2.25-0.23TEMP0.55-0.01TEMP20.55和pGSIDO0.70=53.71-17.66DO0.70+1.49DO20.70。调查区域长鳍金枪鱼繁殖栖息地指数分布在0.52～0.97之间。自北向南,繁殖栖息地指数有逐渐增加的趋势,25°S以南水域,繁殖栖息地指数基本上维持在0.65以下。本研究为阐明印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的繁殖空间分布提供了一条新的思路。     

浅析道路交通噪声影响下的人居声环境评价体系建设

道路交通噪声是目前城市中影响范围最广、强度最大的环境噪声,降低其噪声影响,改善城市声环境质量应列为各地政府改善民生的重要工作.根据当前国际形势提出属于人居环境中重要分支的“人居声环境保护”概念,并就该体系建设的几项重要工作进行探讨,为今后城市道路交通噪声影响的评价工作提供借鉴.     

汾河流域景观破碎化时空演变特征

以1990年、2000年、2015年遥感影像解译数据为基础,利用Fragstats 4.2软件分别采取标准法和移动窗口法获取最佳分析尺度;在此基础上探索各景观指数空间分异特征,揭示流域景观破碎化时空演变过程;采用空间自回归模型分析景观破碎化的影响因子。结果表明：随着粒度和幅度的改变,部分景观指数呈现一定规律性,90 m栅格大小、900 m方形窗口尺寸为研究区最佳分析尺度;斑块密度、蔓延度、有效网格大小、香农多样性指数在三个时期均存在空间集聚效应,且空间集聚类型分布形态具有较强的相似性;1990-2015年汾河流域景观破碎化空间分布格局发生明显变化,破碎化集聚区域呈现碎斑化;坡度、高程、距建设用地距离是影响三个时期流域景观破碎化的主要影响因素。     

An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States1

Hughes, Robert M., Alan T. Herlihy, and Philip R. Kaufmann, 2010. An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 792-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00455.x Abstract: Assessment of stream physical habitat condition is important for evaluating stream quality globally. However, the diversity of metrics and methods for assessing physical habitat condition confounds comparisons among practitioners. We surveyed 51 previously sampled stream sites (0.0-6.3 m wide) located in regions of row-crop agriculture in Oregon, California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia to evaluate the comparability of four indexes of physical habitat condition relative to each other. We also compared the indexes to previously calculated indexes of fish and macroinvertebrate condition. The physical habitat indexes included the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the qualitative habitat evaluation index of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the rapid bioassessment protocol of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and a qualitative physical habitat index based on USEPA quantitative physical habitat measurements. All four indexes were highly correlated with each other, but low-to-moderately correlated with biotic index scores for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Moderately high correlations occurred between some macroinvertebrate biotic index scores and quantitative metrics. We conclude that additional research is needed to increase the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of qualitative physical habitat indexes.     

五里湖生态重建影响因素及其对策探讨

简要介绍了五里湖的概况、主要生态环境问题和对五里湖生态环境现状及其变化过程的调查,并从水文、水质、底质等方面分析了五里湖生态重建的影响因素。在此基础上结合蠡湖新城建设规划及五里湖综合整治规划,提出了相应的生态重建对策,即通过控源、利用生境修复措施创造生态恢复条件、人工重建水生植被和湖泊生态系统管理,重建良性的湖泊水生态系统。同时,从体制和机制创新的角度出发,探讨了湖泊生态系统的管理方式和途径。      

西藏色季拉山野生观赏树木资源及其开发利用

西藏色季拉山区野生观赏树木资源丰富，有４０科７５属１９０余种。种类最多的科是蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、忍冬科、虎耳草科和豆科。种类最多的属是杜鹃花属、忍冬属、李属、绣线菊属和子属。其中花木占４７．６％，花果木占２４．６％，果木占１１．０％。花木中白花者占４６．４％。果木中红果者占８０．９％。７５．３％的种类生于森林型生境。７４．４％的花木夏季开花。生于阳生灌丛型生境的种类最易被驯化。黄牡丹、多蕊金丝桃、小叶子、素馨花和巨柏等应首先开发。     

Larval host plant origin modifies the adult oviposition preference of the female European grapevine moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis>

According to the 'natal habitat preference induction' (NHPI) hypothesis, phytophagous insect females should prefer to lay their eggs on the host species on which they developed as larvae. We tested whether this hypothesis applies to the breeding behaviour of polyphagous European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, an important pest in European vineyards. We previously found that different grape cultivars affect several life history traits of the moth. Because the different cultivars of grapes are suspected to provide different plant quality, we tested the NHPI hypothesis by examining oviposition choice of L. botrana among three Vitis vinifera cultivars (Pinot, Chasselas and Chardonnay). In a choice situation, females of L. botrana that had never experienced grapes were able to discriminate between different grape cultivars and preferentially selected Pinot as an oviposition substrate. This 'naive' preference of oviposition could be modified by larval environment: Females raised on grapes as larvae preferred to lay eggs on the cultivar that they had experienced. Furthermore, experience of the host plant during adult emergence could be excluded because when pupae originating from our synthetic diet were exposed to grapes, the emerging adults did not show preference for the cultivar from which they emerged. The NHPI hypothesis that includes the two sub-hypothesis "Hopkins host selection principle" and "chemical legacy" may thus be relevant in this system.