电气火灾残留物的SEM分析方法研究

通过分析电气火灾的形成原因,总结出该类型火灾的残留物种类。然后利用电焊机和电阻炉等设备分别制备出铜铝导线的一、二次短路熔痕和火烧熔痕,电热丝的通电过热和火烧熔痕,并运用了目前一种新式有效的显微结构分析工具——扫描电子显微镜,对以上样品的表面进行微观形貌的观察、比较与分析。通过分析讨论,可以发现电气火灾残留物在火灾前后其表面的微观形貌特征存在明显不同。根据这些特征能够很轻易的鉴别出电气设备在火灾发生前的使用状态,从而推断出火灾是否由该电气设备引发而起。此项结论能够为从事火灾调查的人员对电气火灾原因的准确认定提供可靠依据,也能够为扫描电子显微镜技术的应用领域进行拓宽提供一些帮助。     

Physico-chemical characterization of Residual Household Waste for energy recovery in insular territories: Case study of Reunion Island

Waste-to-energy is a promising approach to face the current challenge of waste overproduction in Reunion Island, a French territory. In this particular context of an isolated and tropical territory, it is essential to study the properties of potential feedstocks to choose the most appropriate conversion process. This article reports on the composition of Residual Household Waste from Reunion Island and its physico-chemical parameters. Twelve representative samples of Residual Household Waste were subjected to thermal and elemental analysis. The results showed that their composition had a significant influence on the physico-chemical properties, including calorific value. Residual Household Waste from the selective sorting (rich in wood, plastic, and sanitary textiles) as well as dry mixed RHW are the most interesting for energy recovery. Due to their high volatile matter and high carbon content, and their low moisture content, these types of waste have a high calorific value exceeding 18 MJ/kg. Furthermore, the RHW sample comply with the environmental and health criteria applied by French regulations concerning halogen and heavy metal. Thus, it seems that Residual Household Waste can be an alternative to conventional fuels used in incineration or pyro-gasification processes. However, the study also points the need for a pre-treatment process for these wastes. Indeed, it is necessary to sort them correctly in order to avoid the risks of pollution and important maintenance. And more importantly, drying beforehand is unavoidable to improve combustibility and obtain optimal energy conversion.     

稠油热采注汽锅炉节能减排措施实践

提高注汽锅炉系统热率是节能降耗、降本增效的主要挖潜方向。为此开展了一系列节能技术的研究,先后开展了热管空气换热器、高温辐射涂料的节能、硬度在线检测、对流段翅片管硬垢清洗技术的推广应用,通过这些技术的实施应用,取得一定的社会效益和经济效益。     

工业锅炉检验的节能减排

本文通过对锅炉的整个运行过程的检验,方面普遍存在的问题,在分析大量文献资料的基础上,术。针对各个环节进行分析,总结了工业锅炉在节能减排结合实际工作经验,提出了一些节能减排的方法和技术。     

Cleaning the energy sources for water heating among Nanjing households: barriers and opportunities for solar and natural gas

Energy for water heating accounts for an increasing part in residential energy demand in China. An extensive survey was conducted to analyze the determinants of household energy choices for water heaters among residents in Nanjing, China. Two sets of variables were examined as potential influences： building features and household socio-economic characteristics. Results suggest that building features such as gas availability and building structures, and household characteristics such as household head＇s education degree and energy-conserving sense are crucial determinants in choosing natural gas as water heater energy. Installation permission for solar water heater, building stories, and residential location serve as determining factors in choosing solar water heaters. Based on these, barriers and opportunities are discussed for transitions toward cleaner water heating energies, and suggestions are given for local governments to promote cleaner energy replacement in China.     

DZH2-8型蒸汽锅炉事故原因及预防措施

企业轻投入重产出,是发生事故的根本原因,水处理措施不完善,是造成事故的直接原因,管理人员、操作人员素质低是导致事故率高的不可忽视的因素。     

乌鲁木齐市供暖锅炉污染状况分析

1998 - 2002年乌鲁木齐市实施了“蓝天工程”,通过统计1998 - 2002年采暖季乌鲁木齐市供暖锅炉的监测数据,分析了供暖锅炉主要污染物排放状况及排放量的变化情况,对污染的原因提出了见解,指出供暖锅炉的烟尘超标排放和SO2排放总量高于烟尘排放总量应是乌鲁木齐市今后大气污染治理工作的重点.     

一起立式锅炉爆炸事故原因分析及隐患排查

采用现场勘察、光谱分析和金相检验等方法对一起立式锅炉爆炸事故进行原因分析,发现该锅炉制造时存在严重未焊透的设备缺陷和其他使用管理方面的问题.为此制定了超声波检测工艺,对本地区同一制造厂生产的在用锅炉进行隐患排查.对排查发现存在严重制造缺陷的锅炉进行现场维修或召回,对排查发现的使用管理方面的问题也一并跟踪整改.     

神经网络与模拟退火算法结合的锅炉低NOx燃烧优化

对某600MW燃煤电站锅炉进行了多工况热态NO_x排放特性测量,在利用多层前向神经网络对该锅炉的NO_x排放特性进行建模的基础上,将神经网络模型与模拟退火全局优化算法相结合,实现了锅炉的低NO_x燃烧的优化,计算得到可获得低NO_x排放浓度的具体燃烧配风方案.文中对2种不同退火参数的模拟退火算法进行了比较,结果说明采用T₀=50K,α=0.6的参数可以获得较好的寻优效果.本文研究结果为实现大型电站锅炉低NO_x燃烧控制的在线优化技术打下了基础.     

不同加热方式下催化氧化甲苯的性能研究

研究考察了微波单模腔、多模腔与传统电炉三种不同加热方式下甲苯的催化氧化性能,分析不同加热方式下进出口气体温度和固定床反应温度的变化,并对实验前后的Cu-Mn-Ce/TiO2-分子筛催化剂进行了扫描电镜、X射线衍射和比表面积等表征测试.研究表明,相同工艺条件下电炉加热、微波多模腔与单模腔加热对甲苯的去除效率分别为77%、83%和94%,对应的床层反应温度为265℃、215℃和145℃,微波加热的选择性、"热点效应"和偶极极化作用提高了甲苯的降解效率并降低其氧化温度和工艺处理能耗,微波单模腔内高的能量密度显著提高了甲苯的氧化效率并降低反应温度.催化剂表征发现,微波加热对催化剂结构与活性组分的分布几乎没有影响,而电炉加热则导致催化剂表面烧结与活性组分团聚,微波加热下催化剂更大的比表面积有利于甲苯的吸附与氧化降解.