Pesticides residues in vegetables in and around Delhi

This article presents the development of a multiresidue method forthe estimation of 30 insecticides, 15 organochlorineinsecticides and 6 organophosphorus insecticides, 9 syntheticpyrethriods and 2 herbicides and their quantificationin vegetables. The monitoring study indicates that though allthe vegetable samples were contaminated with pesticides, only31% of the samples contained pesticides above the prescribedtolerance limit.     

Enantioselective effects of imazethapyr residues on Arabidopsis thaliana metabolic profile and phyllosphere microbial communities

Imazethapyr (IM) is a widely used acetolactate synthase-inhibiting chiral herbicide.It has long-term residuals that may be absorbed by the human body through the edible parts of plants,such as vegetable leaves or fruits.Here,we selected a model plant,Arabidopsis thaliana,to determine the effects of R-IM and S-IM on its leaf structure,photosynthetic efficiency,and metabolites,as well as the structures of microorganisms in the phyllosphere,after 7 days of exposure.Our results indicated enantiomeri...     

Concurrent Exposure Assessments of Atrazine and Metolachlor in the Mainstem, Major Tributaries and Small Streams of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: Indicators of Ecological Risk

The goals of this study were to: (1) measure atrazine and metolachlor concentrations during both high and low use periods in the Chesapeake Bay's mainstem/major tributaries, smaller tributaries and representative small agricultural streams during 1995 and 1996; (2) compare these exposure data with toxicity benchmarks for each herbicide to predict ecological risk and (3) use in-stream fish community data collected in the streams to provide supportive data for ecological risk characterization. Spatially, atrazine (<0.10–98 g/L) and metolachlor (<0.10–68 g/L) concentrations were highest in the streams, followed by the small tributaries (<0.10–11 g/L atrazine; <0.10–8.6 g/L metolachlor) with the lowest concentration in the mainstem Bay/larger tributaries (<0.10–0.22 g/L atrazine; <0.10–0.24 g/L metolachlor). Temporally, concentrations of both herbicides were greatest in all three types of habitats in the late spring and early summer. Concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor were very low or non-detectable in all habitats sampled from early August to mid-April. Toxicity benchmarks of 20 g/L for atrazine based on an ecological No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for microcosm/mesocosm studies and an acute 10th percentile of 53 g/L for metolachlor (protection of ninety % of the species) based on laboratory toxicity data were selected to assess annual and seasonal ecological risk. Both of these toxicity benchmarks were conservative estimates of ecological risk designed to protect the trophic group (plants) most sensitive to these herbicides. Based on a comparison of these toxicity benchmarks with two years of exposure data, the ecological risk from both atrazine and metolachlor exposure in the mainstem Chesapeake Bay/large tributaries, small tributaries and representative agriculturally dominated streams was generally judged to be low. During one 72-h stream rain event in 1995, the atrazine toxicity benchmark (20 g/L) was exceeded during part of the event. However, long-term permanent ecological effects are not expected based on the documented recovery potential of the most sensitive trophic group (plant communities) to the concentrations of atrazine reported and the transient nature of the atrazine pulses. Fish communities at the stream sites receiving the highest concentrations of both herbicides were judged to be healthy based on an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) developed for Maryland's coastal plain.     

我国微生物农药的应用现状

对微生物农药的概念、种类及其作用机理进行了综述,其中重点介绍了微生物农药的分类,同时对我国目前使用的几类微生物农药的研究应用状况进行了阐述,并提出微生物农药现存的问题及其解决方案,指出微生物农药的发展前景是乐观的。     

Droplet trajectories and deposition with an airblast forestry sprayer

Abstract

The characteristics of the air pattern and spray droplet trajectories from the Algonquin airblast forestry sprayer were investigated. An experiment with water and Rhodamine tracer dye was conducted in a shelterwood location to evaluate droplet deposition on Kromekote^® card targets above and within a canopy of poplar saplings. Computer simulation of a free jet was used to model the airblast in order to investigate droplet trajectories. Measured deposits indicated that the effective swath width is 14 m from the blower outlet. Mean simulated droplet trajectory data were in good agreement with the droplet density data observed in the field. Both sets of results predicted a very low level of spray deposition beyond 14 m.     

高效薄层析进行农药吸附态光解的研究

研究了绿麦隆和消草醚２种除草剂在硅胶Ｇ高效薄层上的光稳定性,提出应用高效薄层析技术作为农药吸附态光解的一种试验方法。在高效薄层上直接点样,同一薄层上包括照光、黑暗对照和定量曲线样品,原始剂量４００—８００ｎｇ·１×５ｍｍ斑点－１,照光后直接展开和扫描定量测定,最低检测量可达２０ｎｇ·斑点－１。本方法无须对样品进行提取、净化等处理,具有快速高效、重复性好,且可直观光解产物等优点。     

S-phase,apoptosis and peroxisome proliferation in avian hepatocyte cultures following exposure to the phenoxy herbicide 2,4-D

Phenoxyherbicides induce peroxisome proliferation, as do other structurally related or unrelated chemicals which were found to be nongenotoxic carcinogens in rodents. The widespread use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) raised concerns over the potential to produce cancer, yet results from epidemiological and experimental studies do not provide definitive evidence that 2,4-D is carcinogenic. The objective of the present study was to verify whether 2,4-D might interfere with cell growth similar to other peroxisome proliferators using cultured avian hepatocytes. Primary hepatocyte cultures from 18-day-old chick embryos were exposed to 2,4-D for up to 72 h followed by an assessment of replicative DNA synthesis and apoptosis. Further, peroxisome proliferation was evaluated. Results showed that 2,4-D stimulated DNA synthesis and suppressed spontaneous apoptosis, while the effects on peroxisome proliferation were less evident.