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81.
为加速二苯醚类除草剂在可见光环境的降解,以玉米芯制碳量子点修饰石墨相氮化碳,合成一种非金属型光催化剂. 考察在该催化剂作用下,氟磺胺草醚、三氟羧草醚和乙氧氟草醚等的光解行为及光解前后毒性. 结果表明,氟磺胺草醚在可见光照射下的光解速率最大、其次为乙氧氟草醚,光照3 h的降解率即达99%和91%,而三氟羧草醚的光解速率最低、须光照至8 h才能达到90%的降解率. 由高斯软件计算NPA（Natural Population Analysis）电荷分布得福井函数和双描述符,预测反应位点并结合液质联用分析降解产物,推测除草剂的降解过程应包括裂解、水解、脱卤、还原和羟基化等,证明了空穴和羟基自由基在其中的作用. 观察玉米种子的生长实验,发现氟磺胺草醚的毒性略高于乙氧氟草醚,但二者经光照处理后毒性均显著下降,三氟羧草醚及其光解产物显示为低毒性. 相似文献
82.
S. J. Kalkhoff M. G. Detroy K. L. Cherryholmes R. L. Kuzniar 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(6):1001-1011
ABSTRACT: A hydrologic investigation to determine vertical and seasonal variation of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and nitrate at one location and to relate the variation to ground-water movement in the Iowa River alluvium was conducted in Iowa County, Iowa, from March 1986 to December 1987. Water samples were collected at discrete intervals through the alluvial sequence from the soil zone to the base of the aquifer. Alachlor, atrazine, and cyanazine were detected most frequently in the soil zone but also were present in the upper part of the alluvial aquifer. Alachlor was detected sporadically, whereas, atrazine, cyanazine, and nitrate were present throughout the year. In the alluvial aquifer, the herbicides generally were not detected during 1986 and were present in detectable concentrations for only a short period of time in the upper 1.6 meters of the aquifer during 1987. Nitrate was present throughout the alluvium and was stratified in the alluvial aquifer. The largest nitrate concentrations were detected in the middle part of the aquifer. Nitrate concentrations were variable only in the upper 2 meters of the aquifer. Vertical movement of herbicides and nitrate in the soil correlated with precipitation and degree of saturation. A clay layer retarded vertical movement of atrazine but not nitrate from the soil layer to the aquifer. Vertical movement could not account for the chemical variation in the alluvial aquifer. 相似文献
83.
Patrick C. Mills Dana W. Kolpin Elisabeth A. Scribner E. Michael. Thurman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(3):537-547
ABSTRACT: During the fall of 2000, the occurrence was examined of 16 herbicides and 13 herbicide degradates in samples from 55 wells in shallow aquifers underlying grain producing regions of Illinois. Herbicide compounds with concentrations above 0.05 μg/L were detected in 56 percent of the samples. No concentrations exceeded regulatory drinking water standards. The six most frequently detected compounds were degradates. Water age was an important factor in determining vulnerability of ground water to transport of herbicide compounds. Unconsolidated aquifers, which were indicated to generally contain younger ground water than bedrock aquifers, had a higher occurrence of herbicides (73 percent of samples) than bedrock aquifers (22 percent). Temporal analysis to determine if changes in concentrations of selected herbicides and degradates could be observed over a near decadal period indicated a decrease in detection frequency (25 to 18 percent) between samplings in 1991 and 2000. Over this period, significant differences in concentrations were observed for atrazine (decrease) and total acetochlor (increase). The increase in acetochlor compound concentrations corresponds to an increase in acetochlor use during the study period, while the decrease in atrazine concentrations corresponds to relatively consistent use of atrazine. Changes in frequency of herbicide detection and concentration do not appear related to changes in land use near sampled wells. 相似文献
84.
取代脲类除草剂光催化降解动力学比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究取代脲类除草剂在TiO2光催化降解过程中的动力学规律,以非草隆、异丙隆和利谷隆3种取代脲类除草剂为研究对象,通过Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型对其TiO2光催化降解动力学进行模拟,并系统探讨了催化剂用量、C0(取代脲类除草剂的初始浓度)、溶液pH、温度、ROSs(活性氧物种)和电子捕获剂等的影响. 结果表明:非草隆、异丙隆和利谷隆的TiO2光催化降解均符合假一级动力学模型,其动力学常数分别为0.082 8、0.068 7和0.095 4 min-1;取代脲类除草剂分子中的芳香环和脲桥上的取代基对降解速率常数的大小有明显的影响. ROSs试验表明,非草隆、异丙隆和利谷隆光催化降解过程中分别有91.6%、95.5%和86.8%的贡献来自·OH;而光生空穴和其他ROSs的贡献相对较小,并且电子捕获剂BrO3-和S2O82-对取代脲类除草剂的降解动力学有显著的促进作用. 相似文献
85.
86.
87.
The effects of the five herbicides propanil, quinclorac, molinate/propanil, 2,4-D amine, and bensulfuron on Odonata diversity and abundance at the experimental rice plots was investigated. A total of 13 Odonata morphospecies belonging to two families have been identified. Treated plots exhibited higher species richness (up to 12 species) than the control plot (8 species). Ishnura spp. was the most abundant species in the treated plots with a mean density of 194.2 individuals per m2, (ind m?2) followed by Brachythemis contaminata (152 ind m?2) and Agriocnemis spp. (124 ind m?2). In the control plots, Agrocnemis spp. was the dominant species (153 ind m?2) followed by Ishnura spp. (143 ind m?2) and Neurothemis fluctuans (59 ind m?2). In the propanil-treated plot, the highest number of odonate species (10 species) was recorded followed by the plots treated with quinclorax and molinate/propanil (9 species). On the 2,4-D amine or bensulfuron-treated plots as well as the control plot, only eight odonate species were recorded. This study revealed that herbicide application had a positive effect on Odonata diversity. This seems reasonable as Odonata are non-target organisms for herbicides. Furthermore, the decomposed weeds resulting from herbicide application would enrich the water with necessary organic matter. 相似文献
88.
Abstract The effect of sulfonylurea (SU) acetolactate synthases (ALS) inhibitors (chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron) and their 13 guanidine and 7 azole derivatives was studied on 17 fungal and 21 plant species. The efficacy of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron against Fusarium oxysporum and Thielaviopsis basicola was higher than carbendazim. Two azole derivatives were highly selective for maize. The antifungal activity spectrum of both guanidine and azole derivatives differed from that of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron, and did not exert notable antifungal activity in vitro. However, they had significant anti‐Fusarium efficacy on rye that surpassed that of carbendazim. 相似文献
89.
90.
微板吸光法测定9种农药对斜生栅藻的抑制毒性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为指示生物,96微孔板为暴露反应载体,SpectraMax M5酶标仪为吸光度测试设备,建立了测定毒物对藻生长抑制毒性的微板吸光法.论文系统研究了微板吸光法中斜生栅藻的可见吸收光谱和生长曲线以及pH和暴露时间对藻生长的影响,同时应用该方法成功测定了环嗪酮、阿特拉津、西草净、扑灭通、苯嗪草酮、敌草快、草甘膦7种除草剂和磷胺、甲胺磷2种杀虫剂对斜生栅藻的剂量-效应曲线(DRC).通过对剂量-效应数据进行非线性最小二乘模拟,获得了这些农药的半数效应浓度EC50及置信区间.对比标准锥形瓶栅藻毒性试验,微板吸光法具有测试简便快速,所需样品体积少,便于多次平行毒性测试等优点. 相似文献