多源数据支持下城市火灾风险评估及规划响应

为探析城市火灾风险的空间格局特征,提出科学的火灾防控体系,以合肥市为研究对象,基于火灾风险兴趣点(POI)数据、NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光影像数据、消防站与道路信息等多源数据,运用SAVEE模型和迭代方程评估城市火灾风险,并引入区位-配置(L-A)模型,从不同目标情境优化消防站点布局。研究表明:火灾高风险区主要集中于合肥市二环以内的建成区,尤其是老城区、合肥西站片区、政务区、科学城和东部新中心等区域;现有48座消防站对研究区内的POI覆盖效果较好,覆盖率为86.76%,而对NPP/VIIRS覆盖效果一般,覆盖率仅为55.94%,覆盖率在合肥市东北部、西北部和南部部分地区仍有不足;基于最大化覆盖模型,规划新增44座消防站,明显提升5 min响应时间的覆盖率,可进一步夯实城市消防安全。     

Importance of awareness in improving performance of emergency medical services (EMS) systems in enhancing traffic safety: A lesson from India

Objective: India has been slow in implementing a central emergency medical services (EMS) system across the country. “108 services” is one of the most popular services that is functional under the public–private partnership model. Limited available literature shows that despite access to services, many traffic crash victims are transported using private vehicles. The objective of this study is to understand the effectiveness of 108 services from a traffic safety perspective.

Method: A questionnaire survey is conducted to understand the awareness of EMS and their function. Using traffic-related fatalities as the dependent variable, a fixed effect panel data model is developed to analyze the effectiveness of the 108 services in improving the traffic safety.

Results: The results from the survey show that, in general, people are not aware of the 108 services. A majority of the population prefers taking victims to the hospital using their personal vehicles or any other vehicles available compared to calling an ambulance. Results from panel data analysis show that despite having an efficient system, these services failed to make significant improvement in the safety of road users in the states in which their services were subscribed.

Discussion: The lack of awareness of an important safety service is alarming. This could be a major reason for lower utilization of 108 services for transporting victims of traffic crashes. This article shows the importance of having efficient awareness campaigns to improve the efficiency of any similar programs that are aimed to enhance the safety of a region.     

Allometric scaling and accidents at work

Allometry is the knowledge concerning relations between the features of some beings, like animals, or cities. For example, the daily energy rate is proportional to a mass of mammals rise of 3/4. This way of thinking has spread quickly from biology to many areas of research concerned with sociotechnical systems. It was revealed that the number of innovations, patents or heavy crimes rises as social interaction increases in a bigger city, while other urban indexes such as suicides decrease with social interaction. Enterprise is also a sociotechnical system, where social interaction and accidents at work take place. Therefore, do these interactions increase the number of accidents at work or, on the contrary, are they reduction-driving components? This article tries to catch such links and assess the allometric exponent between the number of accidents at work and the number of employees in an enterprise.     

中国经济增长、产业结构与环境污染的空间计量研究

通过探索性空间数据分析方法对中国31个省(市、自治区)环境污染的空间相关性及集聚效应进行检验,研究证实我国各省域环境污染存在显著的空间自相关和空间集聚效应。在此基础上,构建空间计量模型分析中国经济增长、产业结构对环境污染的影响。研究结果表明,中国各省域环境污染存在空间依赖作用和正向空间溢出效应。环境污染与人均GDP之间呈现只有一个拐点的"倒N型"曲线关系。产业结构与环境污染存在显著的正相关关系,产业结构优化调整有助于降低环境污染。     

基于MODIS的乌梁素海“黄苔”监测预警系统

乌梁素海暴发的"黄苔"对其周边地区的生态、经济造成了严重的破坏,对"黄苔"进行监测预警对于改善湖区及周边地区的生态环境以及经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。以物联网的4层设计内涵思想为指导,构建了基于MODIS数据的乌梁素海"黄苔"监测预警系统,实现了"黄苔"监测预警平台的信息化与系统化。经验证,该模型的计算结果合理、可靠,基本达到了业务需要的精度。     

集成仿真技术在空间光学遥感器设计中的应用

研究空间光学遥感器集成仿真中将光学、机械、热、控制等学科综合考虑的技术,从系统层面考虑各学科对光学性能指标的影响。综述了目前国外比较先进的光学遥感器集成仿真分析方法,主要包括以JWST为代表的STOP学科软件数据交互法和以NGST为代表的DOCS状态空间法,详细阐述了这些方法的集成方法和建模思路。集成仿真技术的实施开展可以减小产品概念设计和方案阶段论证周期,为总体指标的制定提供可靠依据。集成仿真是空间光学遥感器多学科优化的前提,深度集成和子系统协同仿真是未来的发展趋势。     

中国省级环境决策支持系统的系统分析

中国省级环境决策支持系统(DSS)是基于GIS和各种模型的空间决策支持系统?该文介绍了DSS系统的系统分析方法和内容,包括软件需求说明?数据需求说明和总体设计      

浅谈环境信息中的GIS技术和中介数据

介绍了在环境信息系统中GIS技术所具有的功能和中介数据的作用及其规范化问题;并结合中国省级环境决策支持系统的开发,介绍了它们在环境信息中的使用。      

城市大气自动监测系统监测资料的处理及其应用

本文讨论城市大气自动监测系统资料处理及其应用的某些问题。总结了对数正态分布、指数分布、Г分布和Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布等分布模型对监测资料分布拟合的适用性及分布模型拟合判别指标。介绍了监测资料在监测时空代表性分析、污染物浓度预防研究方面的应用途径。     

小清河沿岸地下水中有机污染物优先排序的研究

提出了对区域性有机污染物优先排序和风险分类的定量评价方法———密切值法。该方法以反映污染物的毒性、暴露水平和化学性质的6项参数为指标,对小清河沿岸地下水中的有机污染物进行了优先排序和风险分类。