Moment and maximum likelihood estimators for Weibull distributions under length- and area-biased sampling

Many of the most popular sampling schemes used in forestry are probability proportional to size methods. These methods are also referred to as size-biased because sampling is actually from a weighted form of the underlying population distribution. Length- and area-biased sampling are special cases of size-biased sampling where the probability weighting comes from a lineal or areal function of the random variable of interest, respectively. Often, interest is in estimating a parametric probability density of the data. In forestry, the Weibull function has been used extensively for such purposes. Estimating equations for method of moments and maximum likelihood for two- and three-parameter Weibull distributions are presented. Fitting is illustrated with an example from an area-biased angle-gauge sample of standing trees in a woodlot. Finally, some specific points concerning the form of the size-biased densities are reported.     

人为扰动下河流复氧激增现象及机制分析

为探究河流复氧规律及其机制,研制出改变河道局部水流流速的深控型水平推流曝气装置,并使用该装置在天津市外环河中进行原位试验,探究人为扰动对河流复氧系数的影响.试验结果表明,装置工作时纵向流速提高至40cm/s,最大增幅22倍;水体溶解氧浓度提高0.6~1.7mg/L,约10%.研究发现,经典的Owens等5组河流复氧系数经验公式均低估了扰动下的复氧系数,试验均值约为49.5d^-1,是理论值的10~100倍,即河流复氧在人为扰动下发生激增现象.分析成因表明,湍流动能与河流复氧系数显著正相关,区别于自然流动,人为扰动提升了水体纵向和垂向湍流动能,加速了中下层水体溶解氧扩散,提高了复氧率,进而发生了复氧激增现象.研究成果为提升城市河流水质的水力学方法提供了科学依据.     

莱州湾滨海盐渍土中铵态氮水平运移室内模拟试验

莱州湾滨海盐渍土中铵态氮水平运移规律研究表明,铵态氮在水平方向存在运移,运移速率随供试示踪剂源距离的增加而迅速减小,在20cm运移距离内,NH+4由于受到土壤胶体的吸附而逐渐降低,并呈幂函数关系;铵态氮的水平运移主要由土壤对铵吸附的饱和程度决定,而运移速率主要由铵态氮的浓度梯度和水势梯度控制。铵态氮水平运移速率随土壤含水量的增大而升高,并呈指数曲线变化。铵态氮水平运移的浓度受非饱和土壤水扩散率的影响,并随非饱和土壤水扩散率的升高而呈幂函数曲线下降。     

Simultaneous Measurements of Atmospheric Pollutants and Visibility with a Long-Path DOAS System in Urban Areas

In this paper, the applicability of a Long-Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) system was checked for the feasibility of the simultaneous measurement of trace gases (such as O₃, NO₂, SO₂, and HCHO) and atmospheric visibility (light extinction by aerosols) in Asian urban areas. Field studies show that an LP-DOAS system can simultaneously measure the key pollutants (such as O₃, NO₂, SO₂, and HCHO) at detection limits in the ppb/sub-ppb range as well as the Mie extinction coefficient with an uncertainty of 0.1 km^–1 at time resolution of a few minutes. It is thus concluded that the use of LP-DOAS system is feasible for simultaneous measurement of gaseous pollutants as well as an atmospheric extinction coefficient which is tightly bound to fine particulate concentration.     

水平接地极泄散雷电流对临近埋地管道危害影响分析

为分析水平接地极泄散雷电流对临近埋地管道产生的暂态电磁干扰危害,通过EMTP软件建立水平接地极和埋地管道模型,考虑水平接地极与管道间的感性耦合和阻性耦合,采用多元回归分析法讨论土壤电阻率、水平接地极与管道间距、管道埋深、雷电流幅值等因素对管道防腐层感应电压的影响,最后讨论感应电流对管道腐蚀的影响。结果表明:离雷电流注入点越远,管道防腐层感应电流和感应电压幅值越低;感应电压受土壤电阻率、水平接地极与管道水平间距、管道埋深、雷电流幅值等因素影响明显,与土壤电阻率和雷电流幅值呈正相关,与管道埋深和水平接地极与管道水平间距呈负相关;土壤电阻率对管道腐蚀程度影响较大,土壤电阻率越低,管道腐蚀越严重;为保护防腐层和管道安全,水平接地极与管道间需保持一定安全距离。     

水平井钻磨管柱油管组合方式研究及下入安全性分析

基于钻磨管柱下入过程易造成遇卡事故,油田采用了2种线重油管的组合方式进行钻磨作业,提高了管柱的下入能力,但未能得到2种线重油管组合方式优选的可靠依据。为得到2种线重油管的最优组合方式,采用微元法对管柱单元在各井段的受力进行分析,建立钻磨管柱的下入载荷计算模型;采用编程对油田水平井进行实例计算,计算结果与实测结果对比显示模型平均误差在8.12%左右,验证了模型的正确性;基于下入载荷计算模型,进行了钻磨管柱组合特性研究及参数敏感性分析。结果表明:采用2种线重油管的组合方式能增大钻磨管柱下入能力,当大线重油管所占整个钻磨管柱的长度为井斜角70.8°左右的井深时,组合比例最优,不同的摩擦系数μ决定不同最优组合比例。     

天然气管道水平定向钻穿越事故及其后果分析

水平定向钻穿越施工以其导向准确、施工周期短、综合成本低等众多优点,越来越多地被应用于天然气管道工程。本文运用故障树分析方法,对天然气管道水平定向钻穿越施工中存在的导向孔质量不合格、预扩孔失败、管道回拖失败、地面塌陷、环境污染、人员伤亡等事故及其后果进行了识别和分析,辨识出天然气管道水平定向钻穿越事故及其后果的二十一个主要影响因素,把其归纳为施工事故和管理事故两大类,并提出相应控制措施将定向钻穿越事故及其后果降低至最低水平,在天然气管道水平定向钻穿越的安全施工方面具有重要的工程应用价值和现实意义。     

交通来源颗粒物粒径谱分布及其与能见度关系

对谭裕沟隧道内颗粒物的浓度谱进行了分析,研究了交通来源颗粒物的粒径浓度谱分布特征,并且探讨了不同粒径颗粒物对能见度的影响.结果表明,细粒子的污染比较严重,是影响能见度的主要因素.      

雾霾时车辆尾气排放对驾驶员能见度的影响

针对北京道路车辆尾气排放对雾霾时驾驶员道路能见度的影响问题,建立了雾霾时车辆尾气排放与驾驶员道路能见度关系模型。该模型以车辆为单元建立车辆尾气排放元胞,考虑了车辆尾气排放后的污染物物理和化学变化,并以车道中的尾气排放位置截面及截面单元、交叉口处的尾气排放位置区间为模型单元。为验证该模型,于2016年10月-2017年2月和2017年10月-2018年2月,在北京地区部分路网检测了驾驶员道路能见度等数据,并统计了各时段驾驶员道路能见度的分布情况。对建立的关系模型进行仿真,结果表明,该关系模型的仿真结果与实际检测数据的误差占比平均值小于4. 98%,验证了该关系模型用于描述北京市道路车辆尾气排放对雾霾时驾驶员道路能见度影响的有效性。     

Controversial sectors in banks’ sustainability reporting

Albeit indirectly, through its lending and investing, the financial sector can contribute substantially to achieve sustainable development. One of such practices concerns investment on or financing of entities that deal with environmentally or socially sensitive transactions (gambling, tobacco, alcohol, arms, etc.). Although there is a wealth of literature on banks’ CSR and its reporting, one can count on the fingers of one hand the studies mentioning explicitly these issue. What is more, this CSR practice gets treated only cursorily in these few studies. This study focuses on the communication of information on investment and financing of firms from controversial sectors in banks’ sustainability reports. We begin by examining whether financial institutions in our sample report having such policies or not. Then, we investigate what kind of policies are reported. In addition, this study seeks to capture the influence of national culture and firm-specific characteristics (type of property, listing status and multinationality) on the reporting of such issues. Ordinal regression analysis is used to analyse the relation of these factors with such reporting. Our findings suggest that the disclosure of information on policies regarding investment on and financing of firms from controversial sectors is not widespread, and the organizations reporting policies of total exclusion of some sectors or projects on ethical grounds are few. This study may encourage more detailed analyses of the type of CSR policies examined and of their impacts. It also may be of utility to banks by raising awareness about the need to consider these issues.