1984—2015年太湖地区大气能见度变化遥感监测与评价

研究收集整理了1984—2015年太湖区域342幅Landsat系列卫星遥感影像,利用ENVI软件FLAASH模块计算获取了区域大气能见度均值,通过太湖周边苏州、无锡、常州3市地面自动站能见度监测值加以验证,并在此基础上对1984—2015年该地区大气能见度遥感监测结果进行了分析与评价。研究结果表明：太湖地区在20世纪80年代能见度水平相对较好,20世纪90年代后逐渐下滑,总体呈下降趋势。2015年遥感反演能见度均值为14.80 km,与1984年的21.46 km相比下降了31.05%,下降速率约为0.21 km/a。     

重庆市区灰霾天气变化及特征分析

分析了近15年重庆市区灰霾的时间变化特征以及主要大气污染物与能见度的相关性。1997—2012年,灰霾天气占41.2%,发生天数没有明显变化,严重程度有所减缓。灰霾在冬季发生的天数最多,持续时间长,且容易发生重度的持续灰霾。夏季灰霾天数最少,程度最轻。PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2浓度随灰霾的加重而增加,其中PM2.5浓度增幅最大,O3浓度随灰霾的加重而降低。灰霾对能见度的影响大于降水天气对其的影响。灰霾天气下能见度受PM2.5的影响较大,非灰霾天气下,能见度主要受O3的影响。     

成都市大气能见度变化特征及影响因子研究

利用MICAPS 2008—2011年地面观测资料,分析了成都市区大气能见度的变化特征。以2009年成都地区一次低能见度天气过程为例,分析大气能见度与各气象要素的变化关系,讨论影响成都市大气能见度变化的主要因素。结果表明:近年来伴随着霾天数的逐年下降,成都市区年平均大气能见度呈上升趋势,夏季平均值最高,春季次之,冬季最低。高湿和低风速是造成成都市低能见度现象的主要气象条件。PM2.5的浓度与成都市大气能见度呈显著负相关,PM2.5浓度的快速增长是造成大气能见度急剧降低的重要原因。有效降低PM2.5浓度,减少大气污染物排放,是改善成都市区大气能见度的有效途径。     

山东省环境空气“‘蓝天白云、繁星闪烁’标准”解析

山东省环保部门提出使用"蓝天白云、繁星闪烁"标准评价空气质量,该标准使用能见度作为主要技术判定指标。为了探讨这种"具象性"标准对空气质量的指示能力,对2013—2014年监测数据进行了深入分析。结果显示,能见度与颗粒物有良好的相关性,与气态污染物的相关性均一般。源于能见度与空气污染物的密切关系,"蓝天白云、繁星闪烁"标准能够将空气污染物水平大致划分为优劣两类,但对各种污染物的指示能力不同。     

不同类型潜流湿地处理养猪废水的对比

针对养猪废水的水质特点,在同等条件下开展了2种类型潜流湿地处理效果的对比研究。实验结果表明,水平潜流湿地(HSSF)与垂直潜流湿地(VSSF)由于结构设计的不同造成其布水方式和系统内部水力流态的不同,从而导致了两系统对养猪废水处理效果的差异;当水力负荷为0.02 m3/(m2.d)时,两系统对养猪废水中COD的平均去除率分别为93.18%和93.10%,对TN的平均去除率分别为53.44%和81.43%,对NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为52.64%和84.62%,对TP的去除率分别为88.41%和95.71%;垂直潜流湿地可充分利用填料层,可增强系统的复氧能力,还可实现填料层中好氧区、缺氧区和厌氧区的共存,使硝化作用与反硝化作用在同一系统内完成,提高了系统的脱氮能力,而且改善了养猪废水中其他污染物的去除效果。因此,结合处理效果和出水水质的稳定性,对于浓度较高的畜禽养殖废水,选择垂直潜流湿地较为合适。     

基于遗传神经网络模型的空气能见度预测

由于雾霾导致的空气能见度降低,给人们的出行带来很多不便。针对这一现象,构建基于遗传神经网络算法的空气能见度预测模型。将与空气能见度相关的7种气象因子和6种污染物浓度因子经过主成份分析后作为输入数据,输出8:00能见度和14:00能见度。该模型能够克服BP神经网络易陷入平坦区域和局部最优解的问题。以西安市2013-1-1—8-16的数据训练遗传神经网络,通过使用灰色模型获得预测时间段8-17—23的输入数据,可以得到这段时间能见度的预测值。通过与BP神经网络模型的比较,发现遗传神经网络预测模型在预测结果的相关性和绝对误差方面均优于BP神经网络模型,因此,可以更准确地预测空气能见度。     

我国流域省际横向生态补偿机制初探-以九洲江和汀江-韩江流域为例

横向生态补偿作为生态补偿的一种重要方式,在补偿方式上更多地引入市场机制,更加灵活和有效。在流域横向生态补偿方面,2016年3月广东分别与广西、福建签订了关于九洲江、汀江-韩江的流域上下游横向生态补偿协议,首次构建了跨省水环境保护的合作机制。本文通过分析广东省与邻省(区)的流域横向生态补偿案例,重点探讨粤桂和粤闽开展流域横向生态补偿的形式、特点、绩效及存在的问题,认为存在流域生态补偿的法律基础薄弱,补偿资金的设定缺乏定量的科学依据,政策之间缺乏协调等问题,提出因地制宜地创设多种补偿模式,科学制定流域横向生态补偿的量化标准,鼓励采用多元化的补偿方式等建议。     

The horizontal reactive media treatment well (HRX Well®) for passive in situ remediation: Design,implementation, and sustainability considerations

A new in situ remediation concept termed a Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well^®) is presented that utilizes a horizontal well filled with reactive media to passively treat contaminated groundwater in situ. The approach involves the use of a large‐diameter directionally drilled horizontal well filled with solid reactive media installed parallel to the direction of groundwater flow. The engineered contrast in hydraulic conductivity between the high in‐well reactive media and the ambient aquifer hydraulic conductivity results in the passive capture, treatment, and discharge back to the aquifer of proportionally large volumes of groundwater. Capture and treatment widths of up to tens of feet can be achieved for many aquifer settings, and reductions in downgradient concentrations and contaminant mass flux are nearly immediate. Many different types of solid‐phase reactive treatment media are already available (zero valent iron, granular activated carbon, biodegradable particulate organic matter, slow‐release oxidants, ion exchange resins, zeolite, apatite, etc.). Therefore, this concept could be used to address a wide range of contaminants. Laboratory and pilot‐scale test results and numerical flow and transport model simulations are presented that validate the concept. The HRX Well can access contaminants not accessible by conventional vertical drilling and requires no aboveground treatment or footprint and requires limited ongoing maintenance. A focused feasibility evaluation and alternatives analysis highlights the potential cost and sustainability advantages of the HRX Well compared to groundwater extraction and treatment systems or funnel and gate permeable reactive barrier technologies for long‐term plume treatment. This paper also presents considerations for design and implementation for a planned upcoming field installation.     

Evaluation of a high visibility enforcement project focused on passenger vehicles interacting with commercial vehicles

Introduction

In 2004, Washington State applied NHTSA's High Visibility Enforcement model used in the Click It or Ticket seat belt campaign in an attempt to reduce unsafe driving behaviors around commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). The program was called Ticketing Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT). This paper details the methods used to evaluate the program's effectiveness and the results of the evaluation.

Method

Four high-crash interstate highway corridors, each approximately 25 miles in length, were selected. Two of these corridors received TACT media messages and increased enforcement over an 18-month period while two comparison corridors did not receive any increased media or enforcement.

Results

A total of 4,737 contacts were made with drivers during the two enforcement waves, and 72% of these contacts led to a citation. Drivers at the intervention sites who said they saw or heard any of the TACT messages increased from 17.7% in the pre period to a high of 67.3% in the post periods. Drivers at the intervention sites also reported increased exposure to the core message of leaving more space when passing trucks (14% pre to 40% post period). The percentage of drivers who said they leave more room when passing trucks than when passing cars rose from 16% in the pre period to 24% in the post period at the intervention sites, while comparison sites showed no change. Over 150 hours of video recorded by law enforcement officers in unmarked vehicles were utilized to examine violation rates and severity of violations before and after the intervention campaigns. Statistical analyses showed that violation rates were reduced significantly at the intervention sites (between 23% and 46%), while remaining constant at the comparison sites. Analyses of the video data also showed that the seriousness of the residual violations at the intervention sites decreased.

Conclusions

Overall, the evaluation results provide a consistent picture of the effectiveness of the TACT pilot project. Success was demonstrated at every step - messages were received and understood, knowledge was changed in the intended direction, self reported driving behavior around large trucks improved, and observed driving behaviors confirmed the self reports.

Impact on Industry

After this initial success in Washington State, the TACT model will continue to be implemented and evaluated by FMCSA in an attempt to validate the program. Based on the results of this study and the consistent positive results found for other sTEP projects, it is likely that TACT will show continued success in a variety of settings and will help reduce the number and severity of crashes involving CMVs. Future research should attempt to use many of the methods described here to further validate the methods for not only evaluations of TACT programs, but also for any other highway safety programs that require measurements of the program's effectiveness.     

平原地区公路路基震害类型及机理分析

根据资料分析和现场调查,对平原区公路路基常见震害进行分类.结合库仑强度理论和有效应力原理分析平原区公路路基震害机理.研究表明: 地震作用引起土体中超静孔隙水压力上升、有效应力降低,从而弱化了土体的强度;水平地震力是诱发路堤、边坡破坏的因素;同水平地震力相似,竖向地震力同样会造成土体强度的削弱.最后,针对平原区公路路基震害的特点和机理,在平原区道路的选线、施工、质量控制等方面给出防治措施.