梯级混凝技术在造纸废水处理中的应用

选取聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作混凝剂对速生材造纸中段废水进行了梯级混凝(即混凝及其污泥回流)处理,考查了pH值、PAC投加量、污泥回流量等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明,当废水pH值为6.5～8.2、PAC用量3 mL/L、污泥回流量为40%～60%时,实验效果明显优于传统混凝方式,COD由400 mg/L降至100 mg/L左右,去除率达75%。出水pH值为7.5～8.2,符合国家排放标准,并满足造纸回用水要求。     

常用天然气硫化氢测定方法影响结果的因素分析

硫化氢为剧毒气体,也是强腐蚀性物质,对井场安全构成威胁,为保障油田开发时的人员安全,有必要对天然气中硫化氢进行定期监测。本文对实验室目前采用的三种硫化氢检测方法进行了说明．并对这三种方法中影响结果准确度和精密度的因素进行了分析,以期在日常检测中达到更好的效果。     

某延迟焦化装置职业病危害因素及其防护措施分析

通过对某延迟焦化装置生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素进行检测分析,找出职业病危害的关键控制点,并提出了防护措施要求。     

春季黄海边界层内海盐细粒子氯亏损及混合状态研究

为了解海盐气溶胶和亚洲出流污染物的相互影响,对2001年春季黄海边界层内观测的气溶胶细粒子可溶离子浓度(AGE-Asia中NCAR C-130飞机航测)进行了研究.所分析的6个航段(航段1～航段6)都位于黄海中部(124.0°E～125.1°E,34.3°N～36.4°N)的大气边界层内.离子摩尔比和相关分析表明,在所...     

高效产H_2O_2气体扩散电极的研究

采用C/PTFE气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系中进行H2O2发生工艺研究,探讨了石墨和Vulcan XC-72碳黑两种碳材料以及电解电压、p H值对该反应过程的影响.结果表明,在较低的空气流量(1.41 cm3·min-1·cm-2)下,以Vulcan XC-72碳黑为表面的气体扩散电极相比石墨电极有较高的H2O2产率和电流效率,碱性条件比酸性条件下H2O2产率和电流效率更好;在2.6 V恒定电压下,2 h后,H2O2浓度达到了250 mg·L-1,电流效率从69.8%降到44.7%,单位产量能耗从5.87 k Wh·kg-1升高到9.16 k Wh·kg-1.     

Effect of mercuric chloride on terrestrial slug Semperula maculata and histopathology of reproductive organs: a comprehensive study

Since the last few decades, terrestrial diversity is found to be under stress due to the contamination by various chemicals and gases of aquatic and agricultural media. The bioaccumulation of these compounds at certain concentrations in different tissues produces histopathological changes leading to behavioral changes in target animals. This study focused on terrestrial molluscan slug, Semperula maculata, against lethal concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl₂). Bioaccumulation of Hg was highest in ovotestis, while lowest in the molluscan penis. Histopathological changes were observed in the cellular arrangement of reproductive organs. Alterations in the penis and the dart gland included dilated unicellular, multicellular glands, and muscular dystrophy, dilated peripheral glandular cells, respectively; dilation being maximal in the prostate gland. Ovotestis showed depleted number of gametocytes. Vacoulized pre-vitellogenic oocytes with early vitellogenic oocytes were noted under light microscopy. Mercury produced toxicity on secretory functions and lowered the rate of reproduction in animals. Evidence indicates that Hg produced gamete degeneration, impacted reproductive capacity and survival of this species in the ecosystem.     

Improving the Synthesis Gas Quality in Catalytic Gasification of Rice Straw by an Integrated Hot-Gas Cleaning System

This research investigates an enhanced removal rate of tar and trace pollutants (e.g. hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide, H₂S) in the gasification of rice straw, using an integrated in situ tar reduction and hot-gas cleaning technique. The gasification temperature was set at 900°C and equilibrium ratio (ER) was 0.30 in the gasifier. In the in situ tar reduction method, the catalyst, dolomite with an amended ratio of 0–15% was introduced to the gasifier. The integrated hot-gas cleaning system applied a multi-packed tower to remove the tar, sulfur and/or chlorine byproduct in syngas at 250°C. The packed materials composed of zeolite, calcined dolomite and activated carbon. The experimental results indicated that the tar concentration of syngas was approximately 20 g/kg. However, in catalytic gasification with 5% dolomite addition, the tar concentration reduced to 17 g/kg. The tar reduction efficiency was approximately 15% by an in situ dolomite addition. When applying the integrated hot-gas cleanup system, the tar was virtually eliminated. The total tar elimination rate was almost 100% and the cleaned syngas could be applied in other energy utilization equipment. On the other hand, the H₂S and HCl concentration were 101 ppmv and 991 ppmv, respectively. After the integrated syngas cleaning system, the H₂S and HCl were decreased to 7.9 ppmv and 410 ppmv with a removal efficiency of 92.1% and 58.6%, respectively. It can be concluded that combining the in situ method with the integrated syngas cleaning system can effectively reduce the amount of byproduct and enhance the syngas quality in the gasification of rice straw.     

吹脱-Fenton氧化-沉淀工艺处理乙基氯化物废水

乙基氯化物是重要的农药中间体,广泛用于生产高效低毒有机磷农药,在生产过程中产生大量高COD、高磷、高硫等污染物的有毒废水。文章针对该废水的水质,提出了一种新的预处理工艺:吹脱-Fenton氧化-沉淀反应。试验结果表明:当吹脱时间为20 min,pH为3.10,Fenton反应双氧水与亚铁离子摩尔比为4:1,双氧水投加量为5 mL/L以及沉淀反应石灰投加量为14.5 g/L时,废水中的COD从228 g/L降低到56.60 g/L,硫离子浓度从88.94 g/L降低到12.26 g/L,总磷含量从10.37 g/L降低到0.98 g/L。     

A novel method to synthesize polyaluminum chloride with a membrane reactor

Al13 or Alb is usually regarded as the most efficient species of polyaluminum chloride(PAC), the performance flocculant for water treatment. This paper was intended to report a new method to synthesize PAC with high content Alb, by using the membrane reactor. NaOH solutions were managed to permeate slowly through the micropores of ultrafiltration membrane into AlCl3 solutions under the suitable transmembrane pressure(TMP). Meanwhile NaOH drops size was limited to nano-scale, resulting in dramatical reduction of the characteristic diffusion time and great increment of contact interface between the strong base and AI ions in solution to favor the formation of Al(OH)4^-, the precursor of AI,3, so few precipitates and much Alb are produced. When the initial concentration of AlCl3/NaOH is 0.40/2.0 (mol/L), MWCO = 10000, TMP = 0.0085 MPa, T= 305 K and B(molar ratio of OH^-/Al^3 ) = 2.25, the quantity of Alb attains about 80%. The results of ^27Al-NMR determination showed that the Al13 content is equal to Alb content. And our PAC product has shown better flocculation effects than the commercial product.     

Clostridium papyrosolvens厌氧发酵产氢研究

采用分批培养研究了从高浓度厌氧产氢活性污泥中筛选的优势菌种Clostridium papyrosolvens的发酵产氢能力.结果表明:该菌有较强的高糖耐受性和耐酸性,当葡萄糖浓度为30 g/L、pH阶段性控制在4.5时,发酵44 h葡萄糖消耗率为83.7%,总产气量达到3 081.3 mL/L,最高产气率为187.5 mL L-1 h-1,氢气含量为67.5%,比产氢率达1.06 mol(H2)/mol(葡萄糖).研究中选用了廉价的发酵产氢培养基,以玉米浆为氮源,以还原铁粉作氧化还原电位控制剂,省去了牛肉膏、蛋白胨等昂贵氮源以及L-半胱氨酸、维生素、无机离子等高成本组分,显著降低了纯菌发酵的培养基成本,获得了较好的产氢效果.图5表2参23