四川黄龙沟天然水中的深源CO_2与大规模的钙华沉积

在有大规模钙华沉积的四川黄龙沟中,使用化学成分数据以及碳氧稳定同位素组成对其水文地球化学特征进行了分析研究。研究区钙华沉积的地表溪流水质基本上受到两种水混合的制约,即断层泉水和山区的融雪(冰)水。泉水中含有高浓度的经由断层提供的CO2,结果高浓度的溶解CO2使得其溶解的碳酸盐岩比普通的岩溶泉溶解的碳酸盐岩高得多,同时也导致硅酸盐岩的溶解。黄龙沟中上游的泉水相对于方解石接近于平衡。溶解无机碳(DIC)的浓度和它们的δ13C值是大约由c=0.02mol·L1δ13C=-3‰的CO2(aq)与含有δ13C=+3‰的碳酸盐岩在封闭系统条件下反应的结果。估计这些CO2中约有70%来自上地幔。所有泉水的水化学数据均落在高岭石稳定域内,但对Na长石和Ca长石具有侵蚀性。由于这些长石矿物的溶解速率太慢,所以水中的化学成分远离长石稳定域。地表溪流的DIC种类之间达到同位素平衡,在不同观测点发现的δ13CDIC变化主要是由于从水中释放出的CO2的程度不同引起的。水样的δ18O值与其采集点的海拔高度之间存在线性关系;研究区的地表溪流的氧同位素组成受到蒸发的制约。在流经钙华沉积物的地表溪流中白天和夜晚的水化学及pH的日变化表明生物作用促进了碳酸盐的沉积,尽管作用不显著。据估计研究区碳酸钙的日沉积速率是4778kg·km2,即约1mm·a1。     

Use of genetic algorithms to select input variables in decision tree models for the prediction of benthic macroinvertebrates

Predicting freshwater organisms based on machine learning is becoming more and more reliable due to the availability of appropriate datasets, advanced modelling techniques and the continuously increasing capacity of computers. A database consisting of measurements collected at 360 sampling sites in non-navigable watercourses in Flanders was applied to predict the absence/presence of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa by means of decision trees. The measured variables were a combination of physical–chemical (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, conductivity, total organic carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus), structural (granulometric analysis of the sediment, width, depth and flow velocity of the river) and two ecotoxicological variables. The predictive power of decision trees was assessed on the basis of the number of Correctly Classified Instances (CCI). A genetic algorithm was introduced to compare the predictive power of different sets of input variables for the decision trees. The number of input variables was reduced from 15 to 2–8 variables without affecting the predictive power of the decision trees significantly. Furthermore, reducing the number of input variables allowed to ease the identification of general data trends.     

Zero-inflated models with application to spatial count data

Count data arises in many contexts. Here our concern is with spatial count data which exhibit an excessive number of zeros. Using the class of zero-inflated count models provides a flexible way to address this problem. Available covariate information suggests formulation of such modeling within a regression framework. We employ zero-inflated Poisson regression models. Spatial association is introduced through suitable random effects yielding a hierarchical model. We propose fitting this model within a Bayesian framework considering issues of posterior propriety, informative prior specification and well-behaved simulation based model fitting. Finally, we illustrate the model fitting with a data set involving counts of isopod nest burrows for 1649 pixels over a portion of the Negev desert in Israel.     

森林生态系统的水文调节功能及生态学机制研究进展

森林水文调节功能是森林所实现的重要服务功能之一,可是由于森林资源被无节制的开采利用,导致人们不断遭受森林破环所带来的洪旱灾害。因此关于森林生态水文功能研究已成为生态学和水文学的研究重点之一。近年来,国内外对森林水文调节过程及其生态学机制进行了广泛深入的研究,所以文章从森林的水文过程出发,对林冠截留、树干流、凋落物层截留、林地水分涵养和蒸发蒸腾及其影响因子的国内外研究现状进行了归纳分析,研究认为林地各冠层均能够截留降雨,降低雨水动能,从而减少地表径流的产生和对地表的冲击;凋落物层能蓄留水分、抑制蒸散、减缓地表径流;而树干流改变降雨水平空间格局,影响水分入渗以及土壤水源涵养。森林结构复杂,明显改变了降雨分配过程,而森林水文过程及调节功能又受到森林结构的制约,因此定量定性探讨森林生态系统的结构、过程与水文调节功能之间关系,是未来森林生态水文功能研究的重点。     

GIS支持下的黄土高原地区植被生态梯度分析

在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下对黄土高原地区257个样方的植被进行了研究。DCA分析较好地反映了植被的连续性变化及植被的生态梯度与气候因子的关系。分析的结果表明．植被组成和结构沿经、纬度变化明显，分异出森林、森林草原、温性草原、荒漠半荒漠植被等不同类型，优势种替代明显，植物种类也形成了不同的生态类型。植被的梯度变化与气候因子密切相关，较好地反映了黄土高原地区环境与结构的空间变异特点。     

黄河口典型潮沟土壤碳氮分布特征规律

为探究黄河三角洲盐沼土壤碳氮含量在潮沟水系中的时空分布特征,选取黄河口一条典型的潮沟系统,采集一、二、三级潮沟表层土壤,探寻土壤有机碳、总氮与土壤容重、盐度、pH等理化因子的相关关系。结果表明：土壤有机碳和总氮在时空尺度上表现出极大的异质性特征。时间尺度上,土壤有机碳和总氮出现先上升后下降的趋势。空间尺度上,一级潮沟土壤有机碳和总氮平均值（2.9 g·kg^-1、0.36 g·kg^-1）大于二级（1.4 g·kg^-1、0.18 g·kg^-1）、三级（1.6 g·kg^-1、0.21 g·kg^-1）潮沟。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳和总氮与盐度呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与容重呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。盐沼湿地土壤碳氮含量受土壤水盐条件的影响,而潮沟水系的树状结构对水盐条件的影响是导致土壤碳氮含量时空差异分布的重要因素。     

崇明东滩湿地土壤生物固氮沿潮滩水淹梯度的特征

以长江口崇明东滩为研究区,研究了植被和裸滩表层（0~5cm）土壤固氮速率（BNF）、固氮功能基因（nifH）丰度和理化性质.土壤BNF随着水淹频率增加而降低,即由高潮滩向低潮滩表现出显著的差异（P<0.05）.土壤BNF表现为夏季大于冬季,植被覆盖土壤高于裸滩.夏季植被和裸滩土壤BNF分别为0.61~17.90,1.41~12.10μmol N/（kg·h）,冬季分别为0.64~3.54,0.47~2.60μmol N/（kg·h）植被和裸滩土壤nifH丰度分别为（1.28~4.61）×10⁷copies/g和2.56×10⁷~12.3×10⁸copies/g.土壤nifH丰度水平与BNF呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）.此外,土壤BNF还受到土壤盐度、硝酸盐、Fe³⁺和总磷的影响.研究结果表明,河口潮滩湿地水淹梯度的变化通过改变土壤微生物和理化性质,进而影响土壤BNF和氮的生物地球化学循环.     

Risk assessment of a compound feed process based on HAZOP analysis and linguistic terms

The size and complexity of industrial plants, along with the characteristics of the products used, require a study, analysis and control of the existing risks in every industrial process.In this paper, a methodology for risk assessment in industrial plants, based on the combination of risks identification through the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis and the risks evaluation through linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers is applied to a case study consisting on a compound feed plant located in the town of Silla (Valencia, Spain).The results from this study show that the main risk in the compound feed production process is the formation of explosive atmospheres (ATEX). Therefore, the corrective measures will focus on reducing the concentration of dust in the atmosphere and eliminating the possible sources of ignition, such as electrostatic discharges or sparks during the different phases of the process (the grinding, the transport of the raw materials, etc.)     

Positives and pathologies of natural resource management on private land‐conservation areas

In managed natural resource systems, such as fisheries and rangelands, there is a recognized trade‐off between managing for short‐term benefits and managing for longer term resilience. Management actions that stabilize ecological attributes or processes can improve productivity in the supply of ecosystem goods and services in the short term but erode system resilience at longer time scales. For example, fire suppression in rangelands can increase grass biomass initially but ultimately result in an undesirable, shrub‐dominated system. Analyses of this phenomenon have focused largely on how management actions influence slow‐changing biophysical system attributes (such as vegetation composition). Data on the frequency of management actions that reduce natural ecological variation on 66 private land‐conservation areas (PLCAs) in South Africa were used to investigate how management actions are influenced by manager decision‐making approaches, a largely ignored part of the problem. The pathology of natural resource management was evident on some PLCAs: increased focus on revenue‐generation in decision making resulted in an increased frequency of actions to stabilize short‐term variation in large mammal populations, which led to increased revenues from ecotourism or hunting. On many PLCAs, these management actions corresponded with a reduced focus on ecological monitoring and an increase in overstocking of game (i.e., ungulate species) and stocking of extralimitals (i.e., game species outside their historical range). Positives in natural resource management also existed. Some managers monitored slower changing ecological attributes, which resulted in less‐intensive management, fewer extralimital species, and lower stocking rates. Our unique, empirical investigation of monitoring‐management relationships illustrates that management decisions informed by revenue monitoring versus ecological monitoring can have opposing consequences for natural resource productivity and sustainability. Promoting management actions that maintain resilience in natural resource systems therefore requires cognizance of why managers act the way they do and how these actions can gradually shift managers toward unsustainable strategies.