基于密集度试验的单兵火箭贮存可靠性研究

立靶密集度是单兵火箭的重要战术技术指标,文中通过对某型单兵火箭进行立靶密集度试验,得到了某型单兵火箭的贮存可靠性数据。数据表明贮存期内虽然产生了老化现象,但并未对立靶密集度产生影响,同时分析了影响该项指标的薄弱环节,为提高单兵火箭质量管理水平提供了重要依据。     

How percentage-protected targets can support positive biodiversity outcomes

Global targets for the percentage area of land protected, such as 30% by 2030, have gained increasing prominence, but both their scientific basis and likely effectiveness have been questioned. As with emissions-reduction targets based on desired climate outcomes, percentage-protected targets combine values and science by estimating the area over which conservation actions are required to help achieve desired biodiversity outcomes. Protected areas are essential for achieving many biodiversity targets, in part because many species are highly sensitive to human-associated disturbance. However, because the contribution of protected areas to biodiversity outcomes is contingent on their location, management, governance, threats, and what occurs across the broader landscape matrix, global percentage-protected targets are unavoidably empirical generalizations of ecological patterns and processes across diverse geographies. Percentage-protected targets are insufficient in isolation but can complement other actions and contribute to biodiversity outcomes within a framework that balances accuracy and pragmatism in a global context characterized by imperfect biodiversity data. Ideally, percentage-protected targets serve as anchors that strengthen comprehensive national biodiversity strategies by communicating the level of ambition necessary to reverse current trends of biodiversity loss. If such targets are to fulfill this role within the complex societal process by which both values and science impel conservation actions, conservation scientists must clearly communicate the nature of the evidence base supporting percentage-protected targets and how protected areas can function within a broader landscape managed for sustainable coexistence between people and nature. A new paradigm for protected and conserved areas recognizes that national coordination, incentives, and monitoring should support rather than undermine diverse locally led conservation initiatives. However, the definition of a conserved area must retain a strong focus on biodiversity to remain consistent with the evidence base from which percentage-protected targets were originally derived.     

家用电器的电磁兼容整改

结合作者的实践经验,提出了家用电器在电磁兼容试验过程中出现的问题及整改方案,并列举简单的实例进行分析,对涉及到的基本概念进行明确的定义,对工程应用具有实践和指导意义。     

供水项目节能评估相关问题探讨

节能评估和审查已成为项目审批的前置条件。由于供水项目节能评估开展不久,缺乏相应的行业能耗标准和规范,现有的节能评估文件中存在一些误区。针对供水项目的特点,重点对节能评估中耗能量计算和基于节能的供水综合单位电耗等问题进行探讨,并从节能的角度出发,提出选泵和能耗统计方面的相关建议。     

应用VSD动态酸化模型确定区域酸沉降控制目标研究

为了控制区域酸沉降污染,需要制定科学的区域大气酸沉降控制目标.本研究建立了应用VSD动态模型的多点位模拟和累积频率分布曲线统计方法,通过模拟各酸沉降情景下某一目标年区域内土壤理化特性的变化确定其酸沉降控制目标.将此方法应用于广州-东莞-惠州地区,在现场测量区域内25点位土壤特征的基础上,应用VSD模型模拟各点位土壤特征对酸沉降的响应,再将模拟结果绘制成累积频率分布曲线,据此确定该区域酸沉降控制目标.结果表明,单独控制S沉降时,若使得该区域生态保护率达到80%,则短期和长期S沉降的控制目标分别为7.68~12g/(m2×a)和10.24~16g/(m2×a);若生态保护率为95%,短期和长期S沉降控制目标分别为5.12~8g/(m2×a)和7.68~12g/(m2×a).同时控制S和BC沉降时,若生态保护率为80%,当BC沉降为6.4~12.8g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为2.56~4g/(m2×a)和5.12~8g/(m2×a);当BC沉降为4.8~9.6g/(m2×a)时,S的控制目标为2.56~4g/(m2×a).若生态保护率为95%,当BC沉降为6.4~12.8g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为0.64~1g/(m2×a)和5.12~8g/(m2×a);当BC沉降为4.8~9.6g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为0.64~1g/(m2×a)和2.56~4g/(m2×a);当BC沉降量降至2~4g/(m2×a),则80%和95%生态保护率下的S控制目标均为0.64~1g/(m2×a).     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜铅含量调查与污染评价

从桂林市采集566个蔬菜样品以及相对应的160个菜地土壤样品,同时还采集了背景土壤样品32个,测试其w(Pb),结合GIS制图和数理统计,对土壤铅空间分布特征、土壤和蔬菜中Pb的含量与富集特征进行了分析. 结果表明:桂林市土壤w(Pb)空间差异大,呈西南低、东部和北部高的特点;桂林市菜地土壤w(Pb)的范围、算术平均值和几何平均值分别为10.14～249.00、43.80和38.62 mg/kg,与背景土壤相比,菜地土壤铅积累显著(P为0.001). 蔬菜(以鲜质量计)中w(Pb)范围、中值和几何平均值分别为0.001～1.425、0.050和0.042 mg/kg,综合超标率为6.71%;叶菜类蔬菜w(Pb)显著高于根茎类和瓜果类,甘蓝、萝卜、西红柿和豆类的抗铅污染能力最强,而辣椒和茼蒿的抗铅污染能力则较差;桂林市居民人均通过蔬菜消费摄入铅的量为13.0 μg/d,不存在明显的健康风险.      

基于帕累托改进的闽江流域生态补偿标准研究

为了消除生态环境保护活动的外部性,借助流域边际价值的概念,得出了使流域实现帕累托最优改进,需要对上游流域保护区进行生态补偿的结论.分析了3种实现帕累托改进的方法:政府对上游补偿、对下游征税同时补偿上游、上下游之间进行谈判.以闽江流域为例,对1999~2013年流域上、下游的区市流域生态环境保护投入和流域相关地区生产总值的数据进行数据统计并分析,结果显示:通过对上游给予补偿同时对下游征税,可以实现流域的帕累托改进,上、下游地区达到各自的效用最大化,即对下游征税额应高于26.026亿元;上下游再用谈判或者达成协议等方式对净收益进行分配.以此实现各自利益最大化,最终达到帕累托最优状态.     

Tissue distribution of antimony (Sb) in piglets orally given graded levels of Sb (V)

The potential risks from oral intake of soil antimony (Sb) depends mainly on the amount of metal ingested and its bioavailability. Relative bioavailability may be determined by comparing Sb present in soil to a reference compound, taking into account accumulation in different target tissues or excretion. However, due to the lack of scientific knowledge concerning the fate of Sb in the organism, there is a need to study the absorption and distribution of Sb in order to select target tissues for assessment of bioavailability of Sb in soils. Thus, 45 piglets were exposed to a soluble pentavalent antimony salt (KSb(OH)₆), for 15 days at concentrations ranging from 0–1600 µg Sb/kg body weight (BW) per day. Following the exposure period, blood, plasma, liver, spleen, kidneys, hair, bone, bile and urine were obtained to measure Sb concentrations by ICP-MS. Results showed that tissue Sb levels were dose-related. Higher Sb concentrations were found in urine, kidneys, hair, bone and liver. Sb(V) was not detectable in blood and plasma. In the case of highly contaminated soil with soluble forms of Sb in concentrations ranging from 200–1600 µg Sb/kg BW, kidneys, liver and spleen are the most reliable compartments to determine Sb bioavailability from soil. However, for the soils with lower levels of contamination and a low Sb bioaccessibility, urine may serve as a relevant compartment.     

金谷煤业在矿区生态环境保护和治理上的探索与实践

随着煤矿开发强度不断加大,矿山环境影响也日益加大,亟需保护和治理.文中就矿山环境保护与治理工作进行了简要论述,为同类矿山企业的环境保护和治理提供了一种有效途径.参1.     

奎屯市空气质量变化趋势及改善途径分析

通过对奎屯市环境空气质量监测数据的分析,显示出大气污染三项因子随年、季变化的趋势(其中20％的天数TSP超标)。结合当地的能源结构、气候特征、城市环境综合发展水平,探讨了改善奎屯市空气质量变化趋势的途径,为防治和减轻奎屯市的空气污染提供科学依据。