电化学耦合膜工艺去除饮用水中卡马西平

研究了外加电压、初始浓度对电化学耦合膜工艺去除饮用水中卡马西平（CBZ）效果的影响.结果表明,CBZ初始浓度为100μg/L的条件下,随着电压的升高,电化学耦合膜工艺对CBZ的去除率逐渐增加,在外加电压为2V,电化学耦合膜工艺对CBZ的去除率达到88.0%;外加电压为2.0V的条件下,CBZ初始浓度为50~500μg/L时,电化学耦合膜对CBZ的去除率均达到85%以上.而与粉末活性炭/微滤膜（PAC/MF）工艺的比较可知,电化学耦合膜工艺的去除效果更为稳定,运行成本也更低.考察了水中的离子强度和腐殖酸对电化学耦合膜工艺去除CBZ效果的影响.结果表明,由于对系统中·OH的竞争作用,离子强度的增大及腐殖酸浓度的提高将抑制CBZ去除.     

Catalytic decomposition performance for O3 and NO2 in humid indoor air on a MnOx/Al2O3 catalyst modified by a cost-effective chemical grafting method

Processes based on non-thermal plasma (NTP) for indoor air treatment inevitably lead to the formation of toxic by-products such as ozone (O₃) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x). Adding a step of heterogeneous catalysis in series with NTP could allow for the decomposition of the by-products. Therefore, different catalysts were developed based on transition metal oxides, such as NiO_x, CoO_x and MnO_x with different weight percentage 1, 5 and 10 wt.%, deposited on a γ-Al₂O₃ support. The O₃ removal efficiency (ORE) and the NO_x removal efficiency (NRE) were very encouraging in dry air: about 65% and 80%, respectively, by using 2 g 5 wt.% MnO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst under the experimental conditions. However, strongly negative effects of relative humidity (RH) on the catalytic decomposition performance were observed. To overcome this limitation, the catalyst surface was modified to make it hydrophobic using a cost-effective chemical grafting method. This treatment consisted in impregnating the 5 wt.% MnO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst with different trichloro(alkyl)silanes (TCAS). The effects of different linker lengths and amounts of TCAS for the hydrophobicity and the decomposition performance of surface-modified catalysts under humid conditions were investigated. Our results show that the surface-modified catalyst with the shortest linker and 0.25 mmol/g_cat of modifying agent represents the best catalytic decomposition performance for O₃. Its ORE is 41% at 60% RH, which is twice that of the non-modified catalyst.     

低温等离子体降解污染土壤热脱附尾气中DDTs

为优化低温等离子体技术对污染土壤热脱附尾气的处理效果,采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体处理含DDTs（滴滴涕）的热脱附尾气,控制进气中的ρ（DDTs）为2.873 mg/m3,考察了载气φ（O₂）、等离子体温度、载气湿度和脉冲电压对DDTs降解效果的影响,分析了O₃在降解过程中的作用.结果表明:①当氮气/氧气混合载气中φ（O₂）分别为0、3%、6%、10%、21%和100%时,DDTs降解率分别为80.1%、76.5%、78.4%、81.1%、88.8%和94.6%,ρ（O₃）分别为0、0.20、0.25、0.40、0.99和1.93 mg/L.随着φ（O₂）的增加,ρ（O₃）逐渐增大,除氮气气氛外,DDTs降解率均逐渐增大,当φ（O₂）超过10%时,DDTs降解率较氮气气氛下更高.p,p'-DDD降解率均为100%,p,p'-DDE和o,p'-DDT的降解率随φ（O₂）的增加而增大.氮气气氛下p,p'-DDT降解率高于低浓度氧气气氛,除氮气气氛外,p,p'-DDT降解率随φ（O₂）的增加而增大.②当等离子体温度分别为80、100和150 ℃时,DDTs降解率分别为88.8%、83.2%和56.3%,ρ（O₃）分别为0.99、0.65和0.35 mg/L.当载气湿度为0、1.0、2.7和20.5 g/m3时,DDTs降解率分别为88.8%、81.6%、68.6%和30.0%,ρ（O₃）分别为0.99、0.73、0.56和0.32 mg/L.随着等离子体温度升高、载气湿度增大,反应器内ρ（O₃）逐渐减小,DDTs降解率也随之降低.③DDTs降解率随脉冲电压的升高而增大,当脉冲电压为24 kV、脉冲频率为50 Hz、等离子体温度为80 ℃、气体在反应器中的停留时间为10 s时,DDTs降解率达86.9%.研究显示,脉冲电晕放电等离子体能够快速、有效地去除热脱附尾气中的DDTs.      

等离子球磨机的研制及其振动平台试验

目的实现球磨室在常压下的大面积介质阻挡放电等离子体,开发出商用等离子球磨机。方法通过在不同弹簧和平台质量条件下,利用振动传感器测试平台的振幅(峰峰值)和加速度(有效值)数值,对比确定最优配置和机械振动参数。结果当振动平台振幅接近球磨室内径时,获得高振幅和高加速度的磨球,显著缩短了气体放电间距,实现了球磨室在常压下的大面积介质阻挡放电等离子体。所设计的单筒等离子振动球磨机,其振动平台可选用φ7 mm、φ8 mm两组弹簧,根据平台质量的不同,选择不同类型的激振块组合,可以在30 Hz转速以上实现平台振幅峰峰值达到或者接近球磨罐内径值,同时拥有10g以上的加速度有效值。结论本试验综合机械振动学、高压绝缘放电和材料加工技术,所研制的等离子体球磨机实现了机械能和等离子体能在球磨过程中的协同作用,显著提高了粉末活性,降低了化合物合成反应激活能,从而显著提高了所制备材料的性能。     

郑州市PM2.5化学组分的季节变化特征及来源解析

为了解析郑州市PM_2.5的污染特征和来源,同时为了研究不同季节以及市区和市郊之间的差异,本研究于2018年四季在郑州市环境保护监测中心站（市区）和郑州大学（市郊）点位共计采集环境PM_2.5有效样品1284个.通过离子色谱仪、碳分析仪和X射线荧光光谱仪分别测试得到9种无机水溶性离子、两种碳组分和27种元素浓度,分析了郑州市城郊PM_2.5中化学组分的季节变化特征,使用富集因子法、地累积指数法、化学质量平衡模型、后向轨迹法和潜在源贡献因子法,研究了郑州市城郊不同季节PM_2.5的来源差异.结果表明,市区和市郊点位年平均PM_2.5浓度达到（59.7±24.0）μg ·m^-3和（74.7±13.5）μg ·m^-3,郊区点位（除冬季外）季节平均浓度均高于市区点位,季节均值呈现冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季的变化.市郊春季受地壳物质的影响较大,夏秋两季全部组分浓度均高于市区;冬季市区受燃煤源和机动车源影响更大.Cu、As、Zn、Pb和Sb受到人为源的影响强烈,市区富集程度更大,Zn、Cu、As和Pb存在一定的潜在生态风险.源解析结果显示,两点位春夏秋冬四季均分别受到扬尘源、二次硫酸盐、二次硝酸盐和燃煤源的较大影响,此外,市区四季受二次污染源和机动车源的影响较大,而市郊秋冬季受生物质源影响较大.来自山东的气团、西北方向的气团（除夏季外）、南方气团（除冬季外）对郑州市PM_2.5的污染水平影响较大,其潜在来源区域主要为省内及与邻省的交界处.     

Mass conservation and atmospheric dynamics in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)

This paper examines the spatio-temporal patterns of atmospheric carbon dioxide transport predicted by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Forty-eight hour simulations over northern New England incorporating a simple representation of the diurnal summertime surface carbon dioxide forcing arising from biological activity indicate that, in its native formulation, RAMS exhibits a significant degree of mass non-conservation. Domain-wide rates of non-physical mass gain and mass loss are as large as three percent per day which translates into approximately eleven parts per million per day for carbon dioxide — enough to rapidly dilute the signature of carbon dioxide fluxes arising from biological activity. Analysis shows that this is due to the approximation used by RAMS to compute the Exner function. Substitution of the exact, physically complete equation improves mass conservation by two orders of magnitude. In addition to greatly improving mass conservation, use of the complete Exner function equation has a substantial impact on the spatial pattern of carbon dioxide predicted by the model, yielding predictions differing from a conventional RAMS simulation by as much as forty parts per million. Such differences have important implications both for comparisons of modeled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to observations and for carbon dioxide inversion studies, which use estimates of atmospheric transport of carbon dioxide in conjunction with measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to infer the spatio-temporal distribution of surface carbon dioxide fluxes. Furthermore, use of the complete Exner function equation affects the vertical velocity and water mixing ratio fields, causing significant changes in accumulated precipitation over the region.     

改性绿茶对汞的吸附研究——汞的形态分析

试验了用改性绿茶分离，冷原子吸收光谱法测定无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞的条件。在ｐＨ５的溶液中吸附无机汞，与有机汞分离；在ｐＨ１的溶液中吸附有机汞，然后分别以１．５，３．０和６．０ｍｏｌ·１＾－１盐酸解吸无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞，用冷原子吸收光谱法测定汞，探讨了吸附机理，分析了牡蛎和水样中汞的形态。     

Reaction of ortho-methoxybenzoic acid with the water disinfecting agents ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite

Ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite are commonly used as disinfecting agents for drinking water production. The reaction pathways of ozonation and chlorination of o-methoxybenzoic acid in aqueous solution were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that less than 1% of o-methoxybenzoic acid remains in reaction. The final major products using ozone oxidation are oxalic and glyoxalic acids. Phenols appear only at insufficient ozone levels. Sodium hypochlorite leads to higher levels of primary products. Molecular chlorine leads to the formation of higher amounts of polychlorinated derivatives. Model experiments allow to propose schemes of o-methoxybenzoic acid transformation under the conditions simulating water treatment processes.     

温度对污泥热解产物及特性的影响

温度是污泥热解产物及产物分布状况的主要影响因素之一。为了确定最优的热解温度,为不同的热解工艺提供参考,用直径为200mm的外热式固定床反应器,以唐山西郊污水处理厂剩余污泥为实验物料,在终温为250～700℃并在初期通以氮气的情况下,对污泥的热解产物分布及特性进行了研究。实验表明:在物料成分和其它条件不变的情况下,热解反应所需时间随着热解终温的升高而缩短;热解气和热解焦油的质量分数增大;焦炭质量分数减小。热解焦炭的工业分析表明,随热解终温的升高挥发分减少、固定碳和灰分增加。热解焦油的热值在10～43MJ·kg-1之间;焦炭的热值10～24MJ·kg-1之间。     

Mass Transport in Vegetated Shear Flows

Submerged aquatic vegetation has the potential to greatly improve water quality through the removal of nutrients, particulates and trace metals. The efficiency of this removal depends heavily upon the rate of vertical mixing, which dictates the timescale over which these constituents remain in the canopy. Continuous dye injection experiments were conducted in a flume with model vegetation to characterize vertical mass transport in vegetated shear flows. Through the absorbance–concentration relationship of the Beer–Lambert Law, digital imaging was used to provide high-resolution concentration profiles of the dye plumes. Vertical mass transport is dominated by the coherent vortices of the vegetated shear layers. This is highlighted by the strong periodicity of the transport and its simple characterization based on properties of the shear layer. For example, the vertical turbulent diffusivity is directly proportional to the shear and thickness of the layer. The turbulent diffusivity depends upon the size of the plume, such that the rate of plume growth is lower near the source. In the far-field, mass is mixed more than twice as rapidly as momentum. Finally, plume size is dictated predominantly by X, a dimensionless distance that scales upon the number of vortex rotations experienced by the plume.