国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业分类演化及启示

国际标准产业分类体系是目前国际上最有影响和权威的产业分类体系。深入了解国际标准产业分类体系中农、林、牧、渔业分类演化,对正确收集、处理和测算我国农、林、牧、渔业的指标以及国际间数据比较至关重要。论文首先详细地剖析国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业的分类演化,然后依据国际标准产业分类体系的最新变化,结合我国农、林、牧、渔业现状,为我国国民经济行业分类中农、林、牧、渔业的修改和调整提供建议。     

工业废水重金属排放区域及行业分布格局

掌握工业废水重金属污染区域及行业分布格局, 是有针对性开展全国性重金属污染防控的必要前提. GIS空间分析表明, 2003-2010年间, 工业废水重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、As排放主要集中在以湖南为核心、包括江西、云南、广西在内的南方四省区, 和北方甘肃、陕西两省, 而广东、福建、浙江、江苏等东部沿海省区Cr6+排放所占比重较大; 在行业分布格局方面, 南方和北方省区的重金属污染主要与当地有色金属、黑色金属矿采选、冶炼和加工行业密切相关, 而东部沿海地区则更多与当地电子、电器、运输设备制造业、化工、金属制品、纺织、皮革制品等行业密切相关.各地区、不同行业、不同类别重金属排放特征及减排成效存在较大差异, 反映了工业废水重金属防控亟需多学科研究技术支撑.     

1992—2008年我国工业废水排放变化效应

工业废水排放使我国水环境受到严重威胁,为剖析工业废水排放变化驱动机制,应用LMDI(对数平均迪氏指数)法将其分解为规模、结构和技术3种效应. 结果表明:1992—2008年我国工业废水排放整体上呈先降后升的二次抛物线趋势. 其中,1992—2002年工业废水减排498583×104t,由工业规模效应、结构效应和技术效应产生的贡献值分别为1829988×104、206807×104和-2535378×104t;2002—2008年工业废水排放增加了333826×104t,相应地,3种效应的贡献值分别为1470045×104、-66094×104、-1070126×104t. 规模效应是造成工业废水排放增加的主要原因,技术效应是工业废水排放减少的关键因素,结构效应多表现为绝对值较小的负值,表明工业经济结构调整倾向于减小污染但贡献不大. 规模效应的主要影响行业是化工原料及化学制品制造业,造纸及纸制品业和食品、烟草及饮料制造业,为减少这些部门的废水排放,可通过政策减缓经济规模的扩张趋势;结构效应的主要影响行业是电气、煤气及水的生产供应业,黑色金属冶炼及延压业和非金属矿物制造业,可通过鼓励重组促使产业结构升级,达到减排工业废水的目标;技术效应的主要影响行业是皮革、毛皮、羽绒及其制品业,为实现工业废水减排,应加大技术投入、提高生产水平.      

Accounting for Cadmium: Tracking Emissions of Cadmium From the Global Economy

This paper examines the flow of cadmium through the global economy, with the aim of quantifying emissions of cadmium into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities. First, a materials balance methodology is presented as the most appropriate means of assessing cadmium emissions from a wide range of anthropogenic sources. This is then applied to the best available data, from a variety of sources, to arrive at estimated flows of cadmium. Results are presented for 10 geo-political world regions and for a range of economic activities including non-ferrous metals production, iron and steel production, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilizer manufacture and use, cement production and the manufacture, use and disposal of cadmium containing products. Initially, this analysis partitions the total flow of cadmium into three major categories: atmospheric emissions, water-borne effluents and solid or bulked waste arisings. the paper then suggests a probable further partition of the initial emissions into different environmental media.     

Serial variations of trace metal concentrations in aquatic insect Stenopsyche marmorata

Caddisfly larvae (Stenopsyche marmorata) instar V, periphyton, sediment and river water at a non‐contaminated upstream site, a metallic contaminated downstream site, and industrial wasterwater which caused the metallic contamination were collected once a month for 21 months. Nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) concentrations in these samples were measured. Significant serial variations of the 4 metal concentrations in the larvae showed a seasonal tendency at the upstream site but not at the downstream site. The larvae more clearly indicated the influence of industrial wastewater than periphyton. As the larvae of Stenopsyche marmorata could be collected throughout the year, this larva is useful for monitoring trace metal contamination in rivers.     

生态工业园建设水平的定量评估方法介绍及应用

介绍了工业园内工厂或企业间的关联度以及副产品和废物的循环利用率的计算方法,以扬州生态工业园为例进行了初步计算,并将其与国内外部分工业园进行比较,结果显示有一定差距,指出了进一步提高工业园生态化水平的方向及途径。     

Prevention in the chemical and process industries: Future directions

This paper presents the current trends of future-oriented prevention management in the chemical-using industry. Two concepts leading to the next generation of managing prevention within chemical industrial areas are explained and discussed. The first concept concerns integrated design-based safety and security; the second concerns the collaboration of several chemical plants to increase sustainable development of their activities and their environment.     

苏州工业园区恶臭气体处理新技术

恶臭气体污染已经严重影响了人们的生活。工业区与居民区共建的现象导致恶臭问题投诉较多,如何解决恶臭已成为环境热点问题。主要介绍了几种恶臭处理的新方法,以期能对企业起到参考作用。     

Fenton-活性炭联合处理高浓度工业废水

实验采用Fenton氧化与活性炭吸附相结合的方法处理高浓度工业废水,考察了Fenton反应和活性炭吸附影响COD去除率的的最佳条件。结果表明,Fenton反应的最佳条件为H2O2∶COD=2,Fe2+∶H2O2=1∶4,反应pH=3,反应时间采用60 min。活性炭柱吸附最佳用量采用15 g活性炭吸附50mL Fenton反应后水样,两者结合COD最大去除率达到85.47%。     

滤筒式除尘器的脉冲清灰噪声测试及分析

滤筒除尘器在使用过程中需要通过脉冲喷吹清灰来维持本身的正常运行,脉冲喷吹是以压缩空气为清灰动力,运行过程中势必会产生噪声,其在一些噪声有限值要求的场合,如空调净化系统中使用时,必须考虑降低噪声以达到相关噪声限值的要求。对滤筒除尘器在脉冲喷吹清灰时产生的噪声做了测试,并与空调净化系统中的噪声限值做了对比分析,提出了滤筒除尘器在空调净化系统中使用时对脉冲喷吹清灰噪声控制的具体而有效的解决办法。