控释肥条件下沿南四湖农田水稻吸氮特征

氮素是水稻必需营养元素中限制植物生长和形成产量的首要因素,同时也是南四湖水体主要营养性污染物之一.通过施用树脂包膜控释尿素不同氮肥量处理大田试验,研究了南四湖流域鱼台农田控释肥条件下水稻生育期的吸氮特征.结果表明,树脂包膜控释尿素对水稻产量有明显的促进作用,但并不随施氮量的增加呈线性增长,施用中氮量337.5 kg/h...     

AnnAGNPS模型数据库的建立及径流模拟应用——以桃江流域农业区为例

AnnAGNPS模型可以连续模拟和预测来自流域的地表径流、沉积物、污染负荷。借助GIS平台及1stOp(tFirst Optimization)工具,以桃江小流域农业区为例,详述了AnnAGNPS模型数据库(包括土壤、土地利用、地形、气象、作物管理、径流曲线等)相关参数的提取和确定过程;并基于已建立的数据库对桃江流域农业区的径流进行了模拟和适用性评价,采用的3个评价指标(相对误差Re<10%,效率系数Ens≥0.9,相关系数R2>0.9)均达到较高精度要求,表明AnnAGNPS模型适用于桃江流域研究区的径流模拟,反映了数据库建立的正确性。     

Influence of packing media on nitrogen removal in a subsurface infiltration system

Influence of packing media on nitrogen removal in a subsurface infiltration system was studied. System A was filled with loamy soil and system B was filled with mixed soil of 75% red clay with 25% cinder. Both systems were fed with sewage at the same hydraulic loading of 2 cm/d at continuous operation mode. The same excellent removal performances of COD and T-P could be achieved in both infiltration systems with removal rates about 85% and 98%, respectively. In system A, NH4^ -N removal rate was as high as 96.5% and T-N removal rate was relatively much lower as 55.7%. And in system B, NH4^ -N removal rate was as low as 75.4% and T-N removal rate was relatively much higher as 75.5 %. The difference was attributed to different soil oxidation-reduction condition that was greatly influenced by soil texture in subsurface infiltration system. Loamy soil led to oxidative condition that was favorable to nitrification and disadvantageous to denitrification. The results were just adverse to the system filled with clay. Intermittent operation was adopted to improve nitrogen removal in system B. NH4^ -N removal rate could be increased to about 95% and T-N removal rate could be increased to about 90% at intermittent operation mode in system B. Analysis of nitrogen removal mechanisms indicated that nitrification-denitrification was the primary nitrogen removal path in subsurface infiltration system and crop uptake was another important nitrogen removal way, It was the key to improve the total N removal performance that a suitable packing soil was available to present favorable oxidation-reduction condition for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

建立促进太湖水生态健康的流域现代化治理体系的建议

太湖流域是长江三角洲的核心区域,是我国人口密度最大、工农业生产发达、国民经济产值增长幅度最快的地区之一。近十多年来,太湖流域在经济总量翻番、环境压力大幅增加的情况下,流域控源减排成效显著,入湖河流水质稳步改善,现行以污染控制为主的水质目标治理体系发挥了重要作用。然而,太湖蓝藻水华仍常态化暴发,生态系统结构和功能尚未恢复,距离实现太湖水生态良性循环还有较大差距。面向美丽中国建设和长三角区域一体化发展的重大需求,在分析太湖流域水生态面临的主要问题的基础上,借鉴国外水环境治理成功经验,围绕流域污染防控、空间管控、生态修复、环境管理和科技攻关等方面,提出了建立促进太湖水生态健康的流域现代化治理体系的建议。     

农村生活污水土地处理技术

本文陈述了我国农村生活污水的特点和污水土地处理技术的研究及应用现状,认为污水土屯处理技术处理农村生活污水是可行的,对BOD,COD,氨氮,总氮和总磷有着较高的去除率,并且投资省、运行费用低、管理简单、维护方便、出水可回用,有净化污水、美化绿化环境和节约水资源的综合效果。     

长江中下游湿地保护与流域生态管理

湿地是地球上具有多功能的、独特的生态系统,是人类最重要的生存环境之一。长江中下游湿地保护必须从流域管理角度进行规划和保护,应由过去主要是单块湿地保护向按流域系统保护的转变。具体可采取以下措施：在流域内建立统一协调机制,对流域湿地进行保护与合理利用,合理布局,统一规划;按湖泊流域和物种分布整合现有保护区,建立新的湿地保护区,解决目前管理上的制约问题;大力开展湿地修复重建;推进退耕还林、长江防护林等工程建设,发挥森林治理水土流失、涵养水源的作用;在保护的前提下科学合理地利用长江中下游湿地资源,开拓新的生产力;同时加强湿地科学研究。     

流域生态补偿理论探讨

流域生态补偿是协调流域生态环境保护和经济发展之间矛盾,调整流域内区域间损益关系的有效手段。文章从流域内人类活动产生的损益人手,论述了流域生态补偿的概念、理论基础和运行机铷,并利用经济学原理,对生态补偿的必要性和补偿标准进行了理论解析,给出了流域生态补偿必要性的理论依据和需要补偿量的理论值。在此基础上,根据流域人类活动的正负外部性等原则,对流域生态补偿进行了分类。依据流域生态补偿分类,梳理出了我国流域生态补偿重点区域。通过对流域生态补偿理论探讨,以期作为进一步研究和应用实践的参考和启示。     

基于水质目标的流域排放管控模式与案例研究

改善流域水质是目前我国生态环境治理的重要议题,然而我国目前的流域水污染排放管控体系和手段还存在诸多不足,在流域尺度还未形成一套系统性的水污染管控体系。本研究提出了一种基于水环境质量目标的流域排放管控体系,构建了三种具有一定普适性的排放管控模式,并以成都江安河流域为案例开展实证研究,对比了三种模式在固定源排放管控方面的差异性和适用性。结果表明,本研究提出的管控模式能很好地实现水质达标目的,并能够不同程度地提高不同时段水环境容量的利用率。在相同的边界条件下,流域标准管控模式的方案和流域精细管控模式的方案对于固定源的逐月允许排放量分别为流域简化管控模式的1.3~1.6倍和1.5~2.0倍。     

Ecological recovery of vegetation at a former industrial sludge basin and its implications to phytoremediation

Examination of a former industrial sludge basin containing organic pollutants showed that the basin had undergone substantial ecological recovery through natural forces following the removal of surface water in 1982. Conventional phases of ecological recovery (plant invasion and succession) have occurred, but the structure of the biodiverse plant community (51 species and 22 families) was different from that at a recovering non-polluted disturbed site. Three plant species (Bermuda grass, mulberry, and sunflower) believed to be early invaders of the basin still persist in large numbers indicating that these species are well suited to cope with normal environmental stresses at this area (i.e. seasonal drought and flood) as well as organic pollutants. There was an indication that early invaders of the site fostered disappearance of contaminants thereby creating more favorable conditions for a broader spectrum of plants to grow. Vegetation analyses of naturally vegetated hazardous waste sites hold promise as a screening device for identifying plant species and management practices worthy of further phytoremediation investigations.     

南京市水环境区域流域生态补偿模式与改进对策研究

通过回顾南京市开展水环境区域流域生态补偿工作历程,对南京市流域生态补偿实施模式及存在问题进行分析,指出在南京市水环境流域生态补偿实践过程中存在的关键问题,并提出相应对策,为今后其他城市和地区开展此项工作提供借鉴。