分段进水对人工快渗系统脱氮效率的影响

为提高人工快速渗滤系统（CRI）的处理效率,研究了分段进水方式下以河砂/钢渣（1#）和河砂/天然沸石（2#）为填料的两个快渗池中氮的垂直分布规律,以及对氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及总氮四种形态的氮和CODMn的去除效果。结果表明,1#池、2#池采用2∶1的进水比例在表层下600 mm处分段进水对总氮的平均去除率分别为50.90%和45.93%,相对常规进水1#、2#池总氮去除率分别提高12.45%和12.23%,但对氨氮及CODMn的去除率影响较小;1#池、2#池采用1∶1的进水比例在表层下1000 mm处分段进水对总氮的平均去除率分别为47.80%和36.21%,相对常规进水1#、2#池总氮去除率分别提高9.35%和2.51%,但是对氨氮及CODMn的去除率大幅下降。CRI系统中不同形态氮、DO及ORP垂直分布特征显示表层为好氧环境,有利于有机物的分解及硝化作用,底层为缺氧环境,有利于反硝化作用的顺利进行。此外,相对于天然沸石而言钢渣对污染物具有更好的去污效果。本研究表明,选取适当的分段进水位置及进水比例是提高CRI系统对氮的去除率的有效途径。     

影响无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统的几个主要因素

为了进一步明确植物、土壤、管道对无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统中污染物去除的贡献能力大小,采用2种植物、2种管道、2种土壤组合形成8个平行系统,采用对比实验方法研究了植物、管道、土壤对地下渗滤系统中污染物去除效果的改变。结果表明,植物、土壤、管道任一因素的单独影响效应显著,但是组合后的交互效应不存在显著差异。而且,在土壤、植物、管道3因素中限定其中2个因素,对比研究另外一种因素的条件下,得到在COD、TP、NH4＋-N、TN的去除效果上,变化趋势相同,均是渗滤管外径200mm〉渗滤管外径160mm,吉祥草〉灯芯草,砂壤土〉粘土,且部分存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。     

四川望佳人工湿地系统生活污水净化效果

取样监测分析了望佳人工湿地系统各组成单元对COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的去除效果。在水力负荷为0.18 m3/m·d、温度为8~19℃、p H为6~8的条件下,分析结果表明,各单元COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的系统去除率满足:人工快渗池>厌氧调节池>1号表流湿地>潜流湿地>氧化塘>2号表流湿地>1号水平潜流湿地>2号水平潜流湿地,其中人工快渗池单元的系统去除率平均值分别为21.21%、22.74%、22.49%、25.58%和30.85%。监测期间COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的总去除率平均值分别为89.41%、90.27%、89.89%、89.89%和92.28%,系统出水达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB18918-2002一级标准的B标准。监测表明,该湿地设计偏于保守,还可以优化设计单元以减少建设和运行成本。     

Dissolved heavy metal concentrations of the Kralkızı, Dicle and Batman dam reservoirs in the Tigris River basin,Turkey

Water samples were collected at monthly intervals during 1 year of monitoring from Kralk?z?, Dicle and Batman dam reservoirs in the Tigris River basin to assess the concentrations of dissolved heavy metals and to determine their spatial and seasonal variations. The results indicated that dissolved heavy metal concentrations in the reservoirs were very low, reflecting the natural background levels. The lowest total metal concentrations in the three dam reservoirs were detected at sampling sites close to the dam wall. However, the highest total concentrations were observed at sites, which are located at the entrance of the streams to the reservoirs. Fe, Cr and Ni were the most abundant elements in the reservoirs, whereas Cd and As were the less abundant. The mean concentrations of dissolved metals in the dam reservoirs never exceeded the maximum permitted concentrations established by EC (European Community), WHO and USEPA drinking water quality guidelines. All heavy metals showed significant seasonal variations. As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb displayed higher values in the dry season, while higher values for Zn in the wet season. Cluster analysis grouped all ten sampling sites into three clusters. Clusters 1 and 2, and cluster 3 corresponded to relatively low polluted and moderate polluted regions, respectively. PCA/FA demonstrated the dissolved metals in the dam reservoirs controlled by natural sources.     

Monitoring, assessment and modelling using water quality data in the Saale River Basin, Germany

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the overall driver for this environmental study and currently requires the identification of patterns and sources of pollution (monitoring) to support objective ecological sound decision making and specific measures to enhance river water quality (modelling). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate in a case study the interrelationship between (1) hydrologic and water quality monitoring data for river basin characterization and (2) modelling applications to assess resources management alternatives. The study deals with monitoring assessment and modelling of river water quality data of the main stem Saale River and its principal tributaries. For a period of 6 years the data, which was sampled by Environmental Agencies of the German states of Thuringia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, was investigated to assess sources and indicators of pollution. In addition to the assessment a modelling exercise of the routing of different pollutants was carried out in the lower part of the test basin. The modelling is a tool to facilitate the evaluation of alternative measures to reduce contaminant loadings and improve ecological status of a water body as required by WFD. The transport of suspended solids, salts and heavy metals was modelled along a selected Saale reach under strong anthropogenic influence in terms of contaminants and river morphology between the city of Halle and the confluence with the Elbe River. The simulations were carried out with the model WASP5 which is a dynamic flood-routing and water quality model package developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency.     

Spain's greatest and most recent mine disaster

On 25 April 1998, the mineral waste retaining wall at the Swedish-owned pyrite mine at Aznalcóllar (Seville, Spain) burst, causing the most harmful environmental and socio-economic disaster in the history of the River Guadiamar basin. The damage was so great that the regional government decided in May 1998 to finance a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research initiative with the objective of eradicating or at least minimising all of the negative social, economic and environmental impacts. This paper utilises a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis to identify eight strategic measures aimed at providing policymakers with key guidelines on implementing a sustainable development model, in a broad sense. Empirical evidence, though, reveals that, to date, major efforts to tackle the negative impacts have centred on environmental concerns and that the socio-economic consequences have not been completely mitigated.     

DNAPL distribution in the source zone: effect of soil structure and uncertainty reduction with increased sampling density

This paper focuses on parameters describing the distribution of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminants and investigates the variability of these parameters that results from soil heterogeneity. In addition, it quantifies the uncertainty reduction that can be achieved with increased density of soil sampling. Numerical simulations of DNAPL releases were performed using stochastic realizations of hydraulic conductivity fields generated with the same geostatistical parameters and conditioning data at two sampling densities, thus generating two simulation ensembles of low and high density (three-fold increase) of soil sampling. The results showed that DNAPL plumes in aquifers identical in a statistical sense exhibit qualitatively different patterns, ranging from compact to finger-like. The corresponding quantitative differences were expressed by defining several alternative measures that describe the DNAPL plume and computing these measures for each simulation of the two ensembles. The uncertainty in the plume features under study was affected to different degrees by the variability of the soil, with coefficients of variation ranging from about 20% to 90%, for the low-density sampling. Meanwhile, the increased soil sampling frequency resulted in reductions of uncertainty varying from 7% to 69%, for low- and high-uncertainty variables, respectively. In view of the varying uncertainty in the characteristics of a DNAPL plume, remedial designs that require estimates of the less uncertain features of the plume may be preferred over others that need a more detailed characterization of the source zone architecture.     

云南小江流域中上游泥沙特征及模型试验

通过对长江上游小江流域的地质地貌和方文气象背景分析,并结合动力学模型进行了分析试验研究,试验中,对水流、泥沙及其运动过程按野外勘测资料和试验要求进行了合理的简化。通过研究提出了小江流域中上游泥沙的活动规律及产沙条件,为小江引水工程的改造提出了有科学依据的可行的实施方案。     

川中丘陵区柏木边坡防护林对相邻农田大型土壤动物群落的影响

为了研究川中丘陵区柏木(Cupressus funebris)边坡防护林对相邻农田中大型土壤动物群落的影响,分别以油菜(Brassica campestris L.)地和玉米(Zea mays L.)地为研究样地,分别调查了有边坡防护林和无边坡防护林农田的大型土壤动物类群数、密度、多样性和生物量。结果显示:共捕获大型土壤动物4 525只,隶属3门8纲18目25科。优势类群为正蚓科、蚁科、链胃蚓科和地幺蚣科,常见类群为铗科、蟋蟀总科、地蜈蚣科、大赤螨科、狼蛛科和跳蛛科。有边坡防护林的农田大型土壤动物类群数、密度、多样性指数和生物量均明显高于无边坡防护林农田(P0.05)。距边坡防护林5 m处的大型土壤动物类群数、密度、多样性指数明显低于0 m处(P0.05)。对大型土壤动物进行功能群划分后发现,边坡防护林明显增加了植食性、捕食性和腐食性土壤动物数量,对杂食性大型土壤动物数量影响不明显。结果表明川中丘陵区柏木边坡防护林促进了相邻农田大型土壤动物群落的发展,但随着距离的增加其对农田大型土壤动物群落的影响逐渐减弱。     

基于水电梯级开发的河流生态健康研究

为进一步了解水电开发对河流健康的影响,本文以雅砻江下游水电梯级开发为例,构建河流健康评价指标体系,选择无人为干扰和干扰较小的河流为参照,以指标变化率衡量水电梯级开发前后河流受扰动程度,分别采用综合评价法和赋值评分法进行了定量评价。综合评价结果显示,雅砻江下游河段的综合健康指数为0.71,该研究区域在丰水期、平水期和枯水期的综合健康指数分别为0.74、0.70和0.69,均处于亚健康状态;赋值评分法结果显示建库前的河流健康指数(River health index,RHI)为19.1,等级为健康,建库后为14.3,等级为亚健康,两种方法评价结果基本一致。本文以期完善河流健康评价体系,并为生态修复提供依据。