Impact of Residential Soil Disturbance on Infiltration Rate and Stormwater Runoff1

Woltemade, Christopher J., 2010. Impact of Residential Soil Disturbance on Infiltration Rate and Stormwater Runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 700-711. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00442.x Abstract: Soil disturbances such as excavation and compaction in residential developments affect lawn infiltration rates and stormwater runoff. These effects were investigated via measuring saturated infiltration rates at 108 residential sites and 18 agricultural sites near Shippensburg, south-central Pennsylvania, using a double-ring infiltrometer. Residential sites included four neighborhoods distributed across three soil series classified as hydrologic soil group (HSG) B. Additional parcel data included date of house construction, percentage impervious area, lawn condition, and woody vegetation condition. Measured infiltration rates ranged from 0 to >40 cm/hour. Analysis of variance indicated significantly different mean infiltration rates (p < 0.001) for lots constructed pre-2000 (9.0 cm/hour) and those constructed post-2000 (2.8 cm/hour). Test results were used to determine a “field-tested” HSG for each site, representing disturbed soil conditions. Stormwater runoff was estimated from residential lots for a range of 24-hour design storms using the TR-55 model and several alternative methods of determining curve numbers, including five different representations of soil conditions. Curve numbers and stormwater runoff were substantially higher when based on field-tested HSGs for lots constructed post-2000 compared with lots built pre-2000 and when based on the HSG for undisturbed soils, documenting the magnitude of possible error in stormwater runoff models that neglect soil disturbance.     

Modeling Carbon and Water Budgets in the Lushi Basin with Biome-BGC

Abstract

In this article, annual evapotranspiration (ET) and net primary productivity (NPP) of four types of vegetation were estimated for the Lushi basin, a subbasin of the Yellow River in China. These four vegetation types include: deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needle leaf forest, dwarf shrub and grass. Biome-BGC—a biogeochemical process model was used to calculate annual ET and NPP for each vegetation type in the study area from 1954 to 2000. Daily microclimate data of 47 years monitored by Lushi meteorological station was extrapolated to cover the basin using MT-CLIM, a mountain microclimate simulator. The output files of MT-CLIM were used to feed Biome-BGC. We used average ecophysiological values of each type of vegetation supplied by Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG) in the University of Montana as input ecophysiological constants file. The estimates of daily NPP in early July and annual ET on these four biome groups were compared respectively with field measurements and other studies. Daily gross primary production (GPP) of evergreen needle leaf forest measurements were very close to the output of Biome-BGC, but measurements of broadleaf forest and dwarf shrub were much smaller than the simulation result. Simulated annual ET and NPP had a significant correlation with precipitation, indicating precipitation is the major environmental factor affecting ET and NPP in the study area. Precipitation also is the key climatic factor for the interannual ET and NPP variations.     

Examining Modeling Approaches for the Rainfall‐Runoff Process in Wildfire‐Affected Watersheds: Using San Dimas Experimental Forest

Wildfire can significantly change watershed hydrological processes resulting in increased risks for flooding, erosion, and debris flow. The goal of this study was to evaluate the predictive capability of hydrological models in estimating post‐fire runoff using data from the San Dimas Experimental Forest (SDEF), San Dimas, California. Four methods were chosen representing different types of post‐fire runoff prediction methods, including a Rule of Thumb, Modified Rational Method (MODRAT), HEC‐HMS Curve Number, and KINematic Runoff and EROSion Model 2 (KINEROS2). Results showed that simple, empirical peak flow models performed acceptably if calibrated correctly. However, these models do not reflect hydrological mechanisms and may not be applicable for predictions outside the area where they were calibrated. For pre‐fire conditions, the Curve Number approach implemented in HEC‐HMS provided more accurate results than KINEROS2, whereas for post‐fire conditions, the opposite was observed. Such a trend may imply fundamental changes from pre‐ to post‐fire hydrology. Analysis suggests that the runoff generation mechanism in the watershed may have temporarily changed due to fire effects from saturation‐excess runoff or subsurface storm dominated complex mechanisms to an infiltration‐excess dominated mechanism. Infiltration modeling using the Hydrus‐1D model supports this inference. Results of this study indicate that physically‐based approaches may better reflect this trend and have the potential to provide consistent and satisfactory prediction.     

基于DPeRS模型的渭河典型断面汇水区面源污染评估及污染成因分析

近年来甘肃渭河桦林断面月度水质不稳定达标的问题引起了管理部门的广泛关注,掌握桦林断面汇水范围面源污染现状,对控制流域面源污染和促进水质稳定达标具有重要意义。采用遥感分布式污染估算（DPeRS）面源污染评估模型,对2018年黄河流域甘肃桦林断面汇水区面源污染空间分布特征进行分析,开展多类型污染量产排特征解析。结果表明：农业面源污染量方面,2018年甘肃桦林断面汇水区总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、重铬酸盐指数（COD_Cr）面源污染排放量分别为11 591,2 697,7 141和1 458 t,入河量分别为2 184,512,1347,263 t;空间分布上,氮型（TN和NH⁺₄-N）排放负荷高值区主要分布在陇西县、武山县县段和岷县县段;武山县县段TP排放负荷较为突出;COD_Cr型面源污染高负荷区主要分布在陇西县、渭源县县段和武山县县段。农业面源污染物入河排放负荷空间分布差异明显,氮磷型（TN、NH⁺₄-N和TP）入河高负荷区主要分布在武山县县段、陇西县、临洮县县段;COD_Cr型面源污染入河高负荷区呈分散分布。漳县西部地区水土流失量较高,漳县西部、陇西县和渭源县县段北部局部地区泥沙负荷量较高。枯水期污染治理仍是保障水质稳定达标的关键期,农田径流是渭河桦林断面所在汇水区氮磷型面源污染的首要污染类型,畜禽养殖是COD_Cr型面源污染的首要污染类型。     

土地利用对太湖入流河道营养盐的影响

土地利用类型是影响面源营养盐负荷的重要因素.为定量揭示不同土地类型对太湖流域入湖河流营养盐浓度的影响,本文以太湖西岸乌溪港流域为例,基于流域土地利用类型的遥感解译,结合河道水质监测数据,分析了流域土地利用对太湖入流河道营养盐浓度的影响.结果发现,河道水质与土地利用类型联系紧密：旱地农田和建筑用地占比对河道氮、磷、有机碳及浮游植物叶绿素a等营养盐相关水质指标影响巨大,果园用地占比也与河道营养盐浓度正相关,而林地占比则与营养盐浓度负相关;流域水域的利用情况及其面积占比也显著影响河道营养盐：河流及水库等的水体面积占比与河道溶解性总氮及硝态氮浓度负相关,自然坑塘及鱼塘等水域面积占比则与河道硝态氮和氨氮浓度负相关,而河流及鱼塘面积占比与河道溶解性总磷、溶解性有机碳和高锰酸盐指数等浓度呈正相关,自然坑塘面积占比与河道颗粒态磷和浮游植物叶绿素a浓度呈正相关.土地利用类型对河道水质的影响程度还受其距河远近的影响.上述结果表明在太湖等平原河网地区营养盐的面源污染控制中应当将土地与湿地的利用管控作为重点实施管理,将湿地水域的自净能力提升纳入流域营养盐控制方案,并特别重视下游河道两岸旱地及建筑用地的面源污染削减.     

辽河流域土壤中微(中)塑料的丰度、特征及潜在来源

以辽河流域为研究对象,基于密度浮选原理,结合体视显微镜及显微红外光谱（μ-FTIR）,对辽河流域土壤中微（中）塑料的形貌、丰度及分布特征进行了系统地研究,并合理推测了影响微（中）塑料分布的主要因素及潜在来源.结果表明,土壤微（中）塑料平均丰度为（145.83±211.46） n·kg^-1.微（中）塑料以碎片（46.00%）、<1000 μm （39.57%）、聚丙烯（PP）（41.71%）和白色（46.86%）为主.其中,聚乙烯（PE）主要形状是薄膜和碎片（96.91%）,PP主要形状是碎片（85.62%）,聚苯乙烯（PS）主要形状是泡沫,人造丝（Rayon）、聚酯纤维（PES）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）微（中）塑料以纤维状为主（>85%）.工业活动（快递公司、塑料厂、服装厂）、农业活动（地膜覆盖、污水灌溉、污泥堆肥）、人口密度和污水处理厂等都可能会导致土壤中微（中）塑料丰度的较高水平.污水排放及其灌溉、塑料制品（农药瓶、化肥包装袋、塑料农膜、编织袋等）和用于装饰、包装、运输的泡沫材料等是辽河流域土壤中微（中）塑料的潜在来源.     

垃圾渗滤液调节池工艺设计

分析了影响垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生量多少的因素,比较了渗滤液产量的计算方法,并通过工程实例计算了渗滤液产量及调节池容积,在调节池设计上采用了浮盖技术,以满足渗滤液预处理功能和控制蚊蝇滋生及臭气外逸,目的是便于有关人员在使用《生活垃圾卫生填埋技术规范》(CJJ17—2004)标准时能正确理解调节池设计规定。     

Adverse Effects on Alfeios River Basin and an Integrated Management Framework Based on Sustainability

The Alfeios River, the longest and highest flow-rate river in Peloponnisos, constitutes an important water resource and ecosystem in Greece. In the present study, human activities in the Alfeios River Basin are described, and their impacts on water quality and the ecosystem are analyzed; effects resulting from interventions on river geomorphology between Flokas Dam and the river delta are determined. These actions have caused significant adverse impacts on the infrastructure (the dam, railroad, and road bridges), the level of aquifer water table and area water uses, and the aquatic and riparian ecosystem. A general integrated management strategy is formulated and a master management plan is proposed for resolving management problems in river basins. The plan considers local conditions and national requirements and complies with the European Communities legislation; it would help prevent further basin deterioration, improve water quality, and protect water resources and ecosystems in the area in accordance to sustainable development. The Alfeios River Basin serves as a case study in the development of the plan.Published online Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004.     

The use of DPSIR framework to evaluate sustainability in coastal areas. Case study: Guanabara Bay basin,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

The Guanabara Bay basin, SE Brazil, is shown as an experimental site to evaluate development and sustainability in coastal areas. We developed a Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework in a practical context to integrate natural and socio-economic indicators. Sustainability reflects public policies towards the utilization of natural resources. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) included in DPSIR evaluates losses and benefits resulting from such policies. CBA has some limitations due to the difficulty of valuating environmental goods and services. Instead of valuating them we propose to combine sustainability indicators and defensive expenditures for the implementation of public policies. This approach agrees with the environmental conservation paradigm implicit in sustainable development. It allows an estimation of the physical natural capital depreciation (PNCD), by using it to correct the gross domestic product (GDP) of the study area, and demonstrating the present non-sustainable characteristics of the current policies applied to the area.     

INFLUENCE OF TWO WOODY RIPARIAN SPECIES ON CRITICAL CONDITIONS FOR STREAMBANK STABILITY: UPPER TRUCKEE RIVER,CALIFORNIA1

Over the past 35 years, a trend of decreasing water clarity has been documented in Lake Tahoe, attributable in part to the delivery of fine grained sediment emanating from upland and channel erosion. A recent study showed that the Upper Truckee River is the single largest contributor of sediment to Lake Tahoe, with a large proportion of the sediment load emanating from streambanks. This study combines field data with numerical modeling to identify the critical conditions for bank stability along an unstable reach of the Upper Truckee River, California. Bank failures occur during winter and spring months, brought on by repeated basal melting of snow packs and rain‐on‐snow events. Field studies of young lodgepole pines and Lemmon's willow were used to quantify the mechanical, hydrologic, and net effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Lemmon's willow provided an order of magnitude more root reinforcement (5.5 kPa) than the lodgepole pines (0.5 kPa); the hydrologic effects of the species varied spatially and temporally and generally were of a smaller magnitude than the mechanical effects. Overall, Lemmon's willow provided a significant increase in bank strength, reducing the frequency of bank failures and delivery of fine grained sediment to the study reach of the Upper Truckee River.