天气形势对2014 — 2018年关中地区各季节空气质量的影响

天气形势是驱动大气污染物变化的最初动力,其与大气污染有着密切联系.探究天气形势对各季节空气质量的影响,可为污染防控提供一定的指导意见.本文利用NCEP-FNL再分析资料、环境监测数据,研究了天气形势对2014?—?2018年关中地区各季节空气质量的影响.结果表明:春、秋、冬季"槽西南型"和"高压东南型"对大气污染物浓度...     

长江流域(安徽段)土壤-作物系统重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究长江流域安徽段土壤-作物系统重金属的污染特征及健康风险,采集了水稻和小麦及其根系土样品338组,测定了8种重金属含量,采用污染指数法、潜在生态危害、多元统计分析和健康风险进行评价.结果表明,水稻根系土和小麦根系土重金属含量均超过江淮流域背景,根系土Cd、 Cu、 Cr和Ni具有明显的积累效应,水稻根系土较小麦土污染严重;潜在生态风险为轻微-中等风险等级,主要来源于Cd和Hg元素.多元统计分析显示Cu、 Pb、 Zn和Cd为工业源和农业源,Cr、 Ni为自然源,As和Hg为农业源.水稻对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Hg>Ni>As>Cr=Pb,小麦对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Zn>Cd>Cu>Hg>Ni>As=Pb>Cr;根系土重金属健康风险评估结果显示儿童更易受到重金属污染威胁,经口摄入是发生非致癌风险的主要暴露途径.非致癌风险评价表明小麦根系土对儿童具有一定的非致癌风险,但不存在致癌风险.摄入水稻和小麦对成人和儿童均有一定程度的非致癌风险和不可接受的致癌风险.     

Modeling Carbon and Water Budgets in the Lushi Basin with Biome-BGC

Abstract

In this article, annual evapotranspiration (ET) and net primary productivity (NPP) of four types of vegetation were estimated for the Lushi basin, a subbasin of the Yellow River in China. These four vegetation types include: deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needle leaf forest, dwarf shrub and grass. Biome-BGC—a biogeochemical process model was used to calculate annual ET and NPP for each vegetation type in the study area from 1954 to 2000. Daily microclimate data of 47 years monitored by Lushi meteorological station was extrapolated to cover the basin using MT-CLIM, a mountain microclimate simulator. The output files of MT-CLIM were used to feed Biome-BGC. We used average ecophysiological values of each type of vegetation supplied by Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG) in the University of Montana as input ecophysiological constants file. The estimates of daily NPP in early July and annual ET on these four biome groups were compared respectively with field measurements and other studies. Daily gross primary production (GPP) of evergreen needle leaf forest measurements were very close to the output of Biome-BGC, but measurements of broadleaf forest and dwarf shrub were much smaller than the simulation result. Simulated annual ET and NPP had a significant correlation with precipitation, indicating precipitation is the major environmental factor affecting ET and NPP in the study area. Precipitation also is the key climatic factor for the interannual ET and NPP variations.     

石期河西南子流域地下水重金属来源解析及健康风险评价

为了探讨地下水中重金属元素的污染来源及健康风险状况,以石期河西南子流域为研究区,对该区域内41组具有代表性的地下水样品中的10种重金属元素As、 Cr、 Cd、 Al、 Cu、 Zn、 Ni、 Co、 Mn和Hg进行检测,利用相关性分析和主成分分析解析研究区地下水中重金属元素的可能污染来源,运用单因子污染指数(P_i)、内梅罗综合污染指数(P_N)和健康风险评价模型评估10种重金属元素的浓度特征和健康风险水平.结果表明：(1)研究区地下水重金属元素的浓度平均值均未超过地下水质量标准Ⅲ类水标准限值(GB/T 14848-2017),仅Al的浓度最大值超出,其次Al、 Mn和Cr的浓度变幅较大,平均贡献率最大的重金属元素是Al(65.74%).(2)单因子污染指数评价结果显示仅重金属元素Al超出清洁水平,内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明研究区处于低污染水平,地下水质良好.(3)多元统计分析结果显示,Zn、 Co和Mn为地质成因和生活废弃物组成的混合源,Al、 As和Cu为农业源,Cd、 Cr和Ni为工业源,Hg来自于大气的长距离传输.(4)研究区各重金...     

Examining Modeling Approaches for the Rainfall‐Runoff Process in Wildfire‐Affected Watersheds: Using San Dimas Experimental Forest

Wildfire can significantly change watershed hydrological processes resulting in increased risks for flooding, erosion, and debris flow. The goal of this study was to evaluate the predictive capability of hydrological models in estimating post‐fire runoff using data from the San Dimas Experimental Forest (SDEF), San Dimas, California. Four methods were chosen representing different types of post‐fire runoff prediction methods, including a Rule of Thumb, Modified Rational Method (MODRAT), HEC‐HMS Curve Number, and KINematic Runoff and EROSion Model 2 (KINEROS2). Results showed that simple, empirical peak flow models performed acceptably if calibrated correctly. However, these models do not reflect hydrological mechanisms and may not be applicable for predictions outside the area where they were calibrated. For pre‐fire conditions, the Curve Number approach implemented in HEC‐HMS provided more accurate results than KINEROS2, whereas for post‐fire conditions, the opposite was observed. Such a trend may imply fundamental changes from pre‐ to post‐fire hydrology. Analysis suggests that the runoff generation mechanism in the watershed may have temporarily changed due to fire effects from saturation‐excess runoff or subsurface storm dominated complex mechanisms to an infiltration‐excess dominated mechanism. Infiltration modeling using the Hydrus‐1D model supports this inference. Results of this study indicate that physically‐based approaches may better reflect this trend and have the potential to provide consistent and satisfactory prediction.     

苏南太湖地区乡镇工业水污染综合防治研究

分析了苏南太湖地区迅猛发展的乡镇工业对水环境造成的污染,并提出了综合防治对策和意见:①利用水环境容量,合理布局乡镇工业;②合理调整行业结构;④积极开展生产全过程的排污控制;④认真进行废水治理,切实加强环境管理。     

气象灾害评定的一种模糊数学方法：以四川盆地为例

本文通过建立气象灾害评定的模糊数学模式,对四川盆地农业气象灾害进行评定。使评定语言从定性跃入定量,评定对象从单类展向整体,而且评定时序从无序深入有序,得到了一致的历史序列。     

黑河流域退化生态系统恢复与重建问题探讨

黑河流域是河西走廊主要的内陆流域之一。本文在简要分析流域生态退化现象以及生态恢复与重建实质的基础上 ,讨论和提出了黑河流域退化生态系统恢复重建的基本思路和不同生态类型区生态优化的方向 ,进一步提出了生态恢复重建的基本框架构想和基本对策     

猫跳河流域开发与环境质量变异

猫跳河流域经过３０多年以水能为先导的开发，已成为贵州经济最发达的区域，但是。由于区内工业集中、人口膨胀等多种因素的影响，也导致环境及生态系统发生变化，出现资源—经济—环境的较大矛盾。本文通过众多的调查研究资料，对猫跳河流域开发所引起的环境问题：人口变化、水利水电引起环境变异、水环境变异、大气环境质量变异、野生生物衰亡及生境变异、土地环境变异作了闸述，并对流域开发的综合效应进行了全面分析。     

SUBSURFACE RETURN FLOW AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE OF TERRACE FIELDS IN NORTHERN TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: This study estimates subsurface return flow and effective ground water recharge in terraced fields in northern Taiwan. Specifically, a three dimensional model, FEMWATER, was applied to simulate percolation and lateral seepage in the terraced fields under various conditions. In the terraced paddy fields, percolation mainly moves vertically downward in the central area, while lateral seepage is mainly focused around the bund. Although the simulated lateral seepage rate through the bund exceeded the percolation rate in the central area of the paddy field, annual subsurface return flow at Pei‐Chi and Shin‐Men was 0.17 × 10⁶ m³ and 0.37 × 10⁶ m³, representing only 0.17 percent and 0.21 percent of the total irrigation water required for rice growth at Pei‐Chi and Shin‐Men, respectively. For upland fields, the effective ground water recharge rate during the second crop period (July to November) exceeded that during the first crop period (January to May) because of the wet season in the second crop period. Terraced paddy fields have the most efficient ground water recharge, with 21.2 to 23.4 percent of irrigation water recharging to ground water, whereas upland fields with a plow layer have the least efficient ground water recharge, with only 4.8 to 6.6 percent of irrigation water recharging to ground water. The simulation results clearly revealed that a substantial amount of irrigation water recharges to ground water in the terraced paddy, while only a small amount of subsurface return flow seeps from the upstream to the downstream terraced paddy. The amounts of subsurface flow and ground water recharge determined in the study are useful for the irrigation water planning and management and provide a scientific basis to reevaluate water resources management in the terrace region under irrigated rice.