SURFACE WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF TILLAGE PRACTICES UNDER LIQUID SWINE MANIJRE APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: Field studies were conducted to investigate the effects of tillage practices on the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and quantity and quality of surface runoff water resulting from the application of the liquid swine manure as a fertilizer. As part of the study, infiltration experiments were conducted on silt-loam soil with no-tillage (NT) and disk tillage (DT) practices. Liquid swine manure was applied on test plots, and the rainfall was applied by the portable rainfall simulator. The infiltration data was analyzed for the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K8) and runoff volume determinations. The surface runoff water was analyzed for total N, total P, ammonia, and nitrate concentration determinations. The study indicated that the tillage had significant effects on K_s, and quantity and quality of runoff water. The K_s values of the NT plots were found to vary from 0.693 to 1.734 mm/min, with a mean of 1.494 mm/min, while they varied from 1.056 to 2.543 mm/min, with a mean of 2231 mm/mm in the DT plots. The total N, total P, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations were lower in runoff generated from DT plots, compared to that from the NT plots. The chemical concentration levels were significantly different in runoff waters collected one-day after manure application than in those collected 40-days after the manure application. Study suggested that the DT practice must be preferred over the NT practice if liquid swine manure is used as the fertilizer. The study is further continued to assess the long-term impacts of swine manure application and tillage on the quantity and quality of surface runoff water.     

NWSRFS CALIBRATION PARAMETER SELECTION AND GEOLOGIC REASONING: PACIFIC NORTHWEST CASES1

ABSTRACT: The National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS) is the new hydrologic prediction model for the National Weather Service (NWS) and provides guidance to meteorologists who issue NWS Flood Warnings to the public. The primary submodel within NWSRFS is the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model, which predicts surface runoff as a function of meteorological, geological, and soil data calibrated over a watershed. The research presented here focuses on a different approach to NWSRFS calibrations: greater utilization of geologic and soil data, in order to give the model better predictive capability. Geologic understanding can create better insights for the initial estimation and subsequent adjustment of SAC-SMA parameters. Fifteen calibrated Pacific Northwest drainages reveal a variety of hydrogeologic responses. For example, results for the Mount Rainier drainages show the complex interaction between active glaciers, impermeable volcanic surfaces, and glacial sedimentary valleys. Unweathered volcanic terrains show flashy peak flows, fast flow recessions, and low baseflow. Sedimentary terrains display subdued peak flows, slow flow recessions, and higher baseflow. Operational implementation of these calibrations at the NWS's Northwest River Forecast Center has yielded more accurate predictive results since 1995. NWS hydrologic forecasters nationwide could benefit from using drainage basin geologic characteristics in understanding and improving model calibrations and real time forecasts.     

污水地下渗滤系统基质床特性模拟

为提高污水地下渗滤系统(Subsurface Waste-water Infiltration System,SWIS)的生物脱氮效率,改进了基质床体结构组成,采用土柱模拟试验对比了基质床改进前后ORP特征及氨化、硝化及反硝化细菌数量的变化。结果表明,在地下渗滤系统中,氨氮的去除率(Q)随基质层深度的变化规律为Q(100 cm)Q(80 cm)Q(20 cm)≈Q(40 cm)Q(60 cm)。改进后基质铺设顺序依次为:0~60 cm填充炉渣和草甸棕壤(两者体积比为3∶7),60~130 cm铺设活性污泥、炉渣和草甸棕壤(三者体积比为1∶2∶7)。基质床结构组成改进后,20~60 cm区域氧化电位(ORP)大幅提高,尤其60 cm深度处ORP从0提高到180 m V,有效促进了硝化反应的进行;床体氨化、硝化及反硝化细菌数量大幅度提高,对NH+4-N及TN的脱除效率分别较改进前提高了12.6%和10.5%,出水NH+4-N及TN质量浓度满足城市景观地表水水质标准(GB/T 18921—2002)。     

淮河流域洪涝机制和减灾对策探讨

根据淮河流域历史的洪涝资料,阐述了洪涝灾现状及分布,分析研究洪涝灾形成机制,并提出洪涝灾威胁趋势评估及减灾对策措施．     

贵州水城盆地的抽水塌陷研究

塌陷是岩溶地区的一种主要地质灾害,其成因多种多样,但过量抽取地下水是形成塌陷的主要原因．本文以水城盆地抽水塌陷为例．论述了抽水塌陷发育的分布特征,探讨了抽水塌陷的形成条件和形成机理,并简要地提出了防治对策．     

长江中下游中生代沉积盆地的含矿建造

本文讨论了长江中下游地区中生代沉积盆地演化与成矿作用的关系。印支旋回本区在挤压构造环境下，形成坳褶盆地和海退序列的含矿建造；早中三叠世在局限台地-萨布哈环境下形成周冲村组富铁碳酸盐、铅锌、膏（盐）等合矿建造；中三餐世与三角洲前线亚相有关的沉积环境下形成黄马青组含铜砂岩建造。南象运动是一次变格运动，其界面直接控制象山组砂岩铀矿。晚自垩世与拉伸引张构造有关，形成断陷盆地中的巨厚膏盐矿产．作者认为盆地演化及卤水流体是本区多旋回成矿作用最本质的因素。     

流域水污染物排放权交易构建

在分析了流域水环境问题、流域水排污权交易的特点的基础上，应用区域经济学和流域管理学等相关原理，构建了流域水排污权交易理论模型。最后结合国内的实际情况，提出了系列保障措施。     

盆地模拟技术在地热资源勘探开发中应用

目前国内、外盆地模拟技术已取得了一定的发展，特别在石油勘探开发业得到广泛应用。地热资源勘探开发与石油勘探开发具有相似性和相容性，故可以将现行的盆地模拟软件通过部分的增删、修改和扩充就可以运用到地热资源勘探开发中。     

论流域经济可持续发展

流域经济的发展是以水资源为先导和主体的综合资源开发和利用.实现流域经济可持续发展的实质就是实现流域水资源可持续开发和利用.水资源可持续开发和利用必须遵循公平和效率原则,实现外部性内部化;实施流域开发多目标协调、流域的系统化管理和跨流域水资源开发.     

江西会昌周田盆地东侧双峰式火山岩及其构造环境

周田盆地东侧．上、下白垩统过渡层位有一套火山岩系，沿石城－寻乌深断裂带分布。通过火山岩层位和火山旅回、火山岩岩石学、火山构造、岩石化学、微量和稀土元素等系统研究，认为下垩统版石组流纹岩属钙碱性系列，上白垩统茅店组玄武岩为碱性系列，由酸性→基性，中间缺失安山岩类过渡岩系，经岩石标准矿物计算得出，两者来自不同深度岩浆源区的大陆裂谷双峰式火山岩系，与该区相应的次火山岩演化一致。